In Quest of GOLD!

In Quest of GOLD!

Nitish offers free passage to Maoists, calls for talks!

Meanwhile, Freeing More Land for Coal Mining Government of India Incs does make the Aboriginal Landscape a Free for all Hunting Ground in quest of Gold and other precious metals! On the other hand, Environment Ministry and ruling Dynasty being quite Hostile, Vedanta taps Gujarat for bauxite supply to its Orissa refinery!VEDANTA banned but Birlas get 'green' signal for expansion in Orissa!

Landslides hit pilgrimage to Badrinath, Gangotri, Yamunotri

Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time - Four Hundred SEVENTY Four

Palash Biswas

http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/

Landslides hit pilgrimage to Badrinath, Gangotri, Yamunotri! While, Nitish offers free passage to Maoists, calls for talks! It rather seems very Isolated events but it links the Aboriginal Human scape in the Hills and down the Plains in the so called Aryan Mainstream, the Killing Fields!

We will give free passage to those Maoists who come for talks, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar said on Saturday.

After an all-party meet held here, the Bihar government on Saturday asked the Maoists to release the three abducted Bihar policemen and said it was ready for dialogue with them over the issue.


On the other hand,the mines ministry is seeking Cabinet approval to revive BGML as the ministry expects high prices to boost margins. According to sources, the plan is based on making BGML, a subsidiary of state-owned metals major, National Aluminum Company, or Nalco. The ministry's move follows a Karnataka High Court directive that suggested revival of BGML due to the present gold market scenario. Economic Times reports.Since BGML was closed down in 2001, when the cost of extracting an ounce of gold became higher than its market price, the precious metal has appreciated nearly five-fold. Prices are now at over `19,000 per 10 gm, compared with `4,800 at the time of BGML's closure.

Meanwhile, Freeing More Land for Coal Mining Government of India Incs does make the Aboriginal Landscape a Free for all Hunting Ground in quest of Gold and other precious metals! On the other hand, Environment Ministry and ruling Dynasty being quite Hostile, Vedanta taps Gujarat for bauxite supply to its Orissa refinery!

VEDANTA banned but Birlas get 'green' signal for expansion in Orissa!The Aditya Birla group will double capacity at its alumina unit in Orissa after receiving environmental clearance, stealing a march over rival Vedanta Resources that was recently forced by the government to halt a similar expansion.Economic times reports.

The Loot is the PRIME USP of the Free Market democracy and United Bihar has felt the Heat and Dust more than any other part of India despite its legacy of Buddhism, the only People`s Revolution which evented in the Aryavarta and converted Benagl BIHAR and Orissa Buddhist. Resurgence of Vedic Hindutva with Manusmriti Rule further CONVERTED the Easter India into Hinduism making the Indigenous Aboriginal Landscape Permanent Slaves of the Brahaminical System. The Legacy is sustained in the Maoist Menace as well. And this may be equated with the Quest of Gold which played havoc in Africa and Latin America.The Bihar Government allowed the Original LPG Mafia to plunder the Aboriginal landscape in Jharkhand. Resistance saga roots in the Anti Imperialist Impulses of the Black Untouchable Aboriginal Communities across the Globe! But it seems the Quest for Gold has NOT to be STOPPED in any Condition, any Circumstances. As it is associated as much as with Economics as with the Religion, Folk ways of Life in India!

My mother late Basanti Devi had Nothing in Gold.She was married in early fifties while my Father Pulin Babu with my Jethamoshai, Jethima, Chhoto Pisima and Thakuma were in Charbetia camp near Cuttak, Orissa. Pulin Babu was a recognised Refugee leader in West Bengal during his stay in Ranaghat Cooers camp and led Refugee movement in Siliguri refusing to be reduced as Tea garden Coolies. He was a Communist then.But his activism was disliked by the Brahmin Communist leaders of  Bengal and he was dumped in Orissa. Later, he with his headstrong Companions had been sent off to the dense forest of Nainital Terai.My mother belonged to a resettled refugee family from Barishal with peculiar dialect who were rehabilitated in Baripada, Mayurbhanj with nominal business loan.

Whatever Gold she inherited from my Grand Father Basant Kirtunia as my grandmother died very early, was invested in the People`s movement leading to Dhimri Block Peasant`s Uprising in 1958.

I never saw my Mother having anything GOLD. My aunts, Jethima and Kakima had hardly any ornament than the SHANKHA, Conch Bangles meant for married Hindu bengali Women.

But GOLD had been an Auspicious MUST in the Marriage.

My Jethamoshai had to visit Moradabad Sarrafa whenever there was a Marriage in the village. It was a ritual to present some Gold in ASHIRVAD even in the Bengali refugee families in fifties adn sixties.

My Wife Sabita also had not any treasure to inherit fro either from her maternal Home or In Laws. Only SIX persons led by my Jethamoshai consisted my Marriage Party in 1983 as we did NOT accepy any Gift in Marriage in our Family.

As an Activist , I had to struggle always and could NEVER manage a good Job which could produce any Surplus enough to buy Gold.

However, we have to maintain a Credit Account in the Jewellery shop in the Locality as we have to attend social and family functions all over the area and the Gift must be Gold.

We may NOT afford Gold. We May NOT inherit Gold. We may NOT Buy Gold. But we have to deal with Gold being in the sociaety in Sub  Urban bengali Area.

I am afraid that GOLD seems to decide our status so much so that it is something more than Ritual or purchasing Power!

Bad News from my Home, the Himalayas!

Fresh landslides triggered by rains today disrupted the pilgrimage to Badrinath, Gangotri and Yamunotri in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand.I wonder, mythically the Himalayas is said to be the Maternal Home of War Goddess Durga invoked for Original ethnic cleansing. Bengal had been worshing Shiva and Kali and other idigenous gods and semi gods. How could DURGA Dominate the Cultural Scene now assciated with most intense Strategic Commodity and service marketing! Earlier it had been associate with the Dominace of the Feudal Brahamincal  Set Up. Prosperity is associated with Worship Places and Religion worldwide. Tirumala Tirupati Gold Treasure is the Brightest Example!

The landslides hit various places in Chamoli and Uttarkashi districts blocking the routes to the shrines of Badrinath, Gangotri and Yamunotri, Disaster Management and Mitigation Centre (DMMC) said here.

The opposition Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) had appealed to Chief Minister Nitish Kumar to call an all-party meeting to discuss the situation after Maoists killed Lucas Tete, one of the four policemen kidnapped after a six-hour gunfight in Lakhisarai district Sunday.

The gunbattle left seven policemen dead and 10 injured. Maoists claimed the gunfight was in retaliation for the killing of their leader Cherukuri Rajkumar alias Azad and a journalist on the night of July 1-2 in Andhra Pradesh.

While Rishikesh-Badrinath national highway was blocked by landslides at Chhinka area, Rishikesh-Gangotri national highway was hit at Karmkund blocking vehicular traffic, they said, adding the road leading to Yamunotri has been blocked at Ranachatti.

Teams comprising personnel of police, ITBP and BRO have been pressed into service to clear the debris and reopen the routes for vehicular traffic.

The rains also pushed up the water level of a pond at Dhakrani area of Vikasnagar near here damaging 15 houses this morning.

Moderate to heavy rains continued to lash most parts of Uttarakhand with Banbasa receiving maximum 117 mm of rainfall followed by Champawat with 113 mm, Nainital 102 mm, Srinagar and Rishikesh 73 mm, Haridwar 65 mm and Dehra Dun 60 mm during the past 24 hours, Met office here said.

Quest of Gold is associated with the BRUTAL History of Colonisation and it roots in Feudal set up of the society and remains the Alchemist of Nobility worldwide!Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. It has been a highly sought-after precious metal for coinage, jewelry, and other arts since the beginning of recorded history. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks.
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Bihar government to initiate dialogue with Maoists Hindustan Times - ‎2 hours ago‎ The Bihar government will hold talks with the Maoists on their demand for release of their eight jailed commanders in exchange for the three abducted policemen, Chief Minister Nitish Kumar announced after an all-party meeting in Patna on Saturday. ... Nitish Kumar promises safe passage to Maoists Daily News & Analysis - ‎1 hour ago‎ Place: Patna | Agency: PTI Bihar chief minister Nitish Kumar today appealed to Maoists to free the three policemen held captive by them and promised safe passage to the ultras for talks 'irrespective of the outcome' to end the week-long hostage crisis. ... Bihar hostage crisis: Naxals refuse to talk, but say will free the 3 cops NDTV.com - ‎42 minutes ago‎ Patna: The three kidnapped Bihar policemen Rupesh Kumar Sinha, Mohammad Ehsaan and Abhay Yadav are still in Maoist custody. And now, putting more pressure on the Bihar government, a Maoist leader Avinash has claimed that their Central committee has ... "The state government is ready for talks and all political parties appealed to the Maoists to release the three abducted policemen," Chief Minister Nitish Kumar told reporters after the meeting. more by Nitish Kumar - 2 hours ago - Hindustan Times (3 occurrences) Congress projects Bihar government as 'helpless spectator' Daily News & Analysis - ‎1 hour ago‎ Place: New Delhi | Agency: PTI The Congress today sought to turn the Maoist triggered hostage crisis in Bihar as a poll issue projecting the JD(U)-BJP government as "helpless spectator" in the kidnapping of policemen. "I am disappointed. ... Free abducted cops, Nitish appeals to Maoists IBNLive.com - ‎3 hours ago‎ Patna: Bihar government on Saturday decided to reach out to the Maoists who have abducted Bihar policemen. Following an all-party meeting held in Patna Chief Minister Nitish Kumar appealed to the Maoists to release the three policemen still being held ... Slain Bihar cop's last rites performed Sify - ‎3 hours ago‎ The last rites of Bihar policeman Lucas Tete, who was killed by the Maoists in Bihar's Lakhisarai district, were held Saturday with full state honours in his home town in Jharkhand's Simdega district. The body of Tete, who hailed from a poor tribal ... Killing of hostage will erode credibility of Naxals: activists Hindustan Times - ‎6 hours ago‎ PTI The killing of a policeman taken hostage by Maoists will erode the credibility of the Naxals but the handling of the situation by the Nitish Kumar government is also questionable, feel social activists Medha Patkar and Swami Agnivesh. ... Maoist leader claims hostage cops to be freed on Sunday, rejects talks offer of CM Sify - ‎13 minutes ago‎ Barely three hours after Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar appealed Naxals to come forward to hold talks instead of harming anyone held hostage, a Naxal leader Avinash claimed that the three captive police personnel would be released on Sunday. ... Amnesty calls for India Maoists to free police hostages AFP - ‎9 hours ago‎ NEW DELHI — Human rights group Amnesty International called Saturday for Maoist rebels to free three policemen held hostage in eastern India after the group killed one of the captives. The Maoists have threatened to kill the three remaining policemen ... Maoists say three abducted policemen safe, call for talks Economic Times - ‎7 hours ago‎ PATNA: A day after the bullet-riddled body of an abducted policeman was found, Maoists on Saturday said that the three other hostages with them were safe and called for talks as "time was running out" even as police arrested two Naxalites and expanded ... All 1,144 related articles »

Related Bihar Nitish Kumar Patna Timeline of articles Number of sources covering this story Bihar hostage crisis: Naxals refuse to talk, but say will free the 3 cops ‎42 minutes ago‎ - NDTV.com Nitish gets tough as Maoists display savagery ‎18 hours ago‎ - Economic Times Paswan appeals to Maoists to release kidnapped policemen ‎Sep 3, 2010‎ - IBNLive.com Bihar abduction: Body of havildar Lucas recovered ‎Sep 3, 2010‎ - Indian Express Killed 1 cop, three more to go: Maoists blackmail Nitish Govt ‎Sep 2, 2010‎ - Indian Express Maoists kill abducted cop after kangaroo court trial ‎Sep 2, 2010‎ - Hindustan Times Maoists extend deadline for abducted cops ‎Sep 1, 2010‎ - Hindustan Times Four cops killed in Bihar encounter ‎Aug 29, 2010‎ - Times of India Images AFP Oneindia The Hindu The Hindu The Hindu AFP AFP Oneindia Indian Express All related images » Videos Guard of honour presented to martyr Tete Asian News International (ANI)  -  1 hour ago Watch video <div class="video-thumb thumbnail"><a class="js-link thumbnail-toggle" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return false;"><img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/irjd1W_o938/default.jpg" alt="" class="thumbnail" width="120" height="90"> <div class="icon play-icon"></div></a></div> <div class="video-details"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irjd1W_o938">Guard of honour presented to martyr Tete</a> <span class="source">Asian News International (ANI)</span> &nbsp;-&nbsp; 1 hour ago <div class="icon video-icon"></div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irjd1W_o938">Watch video</a></div> Abducted Bihar policemen safe says Maoists NewsX  -  4 hours ago Watch video <div class="video-thumb thumbnail"><a class="js-link thumbnail-toggle" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return false;"><img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/QekzMuJAOGE/default.jpg" alt="" class="thumbnail" width="120" height="90"> <div class="icon play-icon"></div></a></div> <div class="video-details"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QekzMuJAOGE">Abducted Bihar policemen safe says Maoists</a> <span class="source">NewsX</span> &nbsp;-&nbsp; 4 hours ago <div class="icon video-icon"></div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QekzMuJAOGE">Watch video</a></div> Maoists kill one of abducted cops, Nitish still helpless Asian News International (ANI)  -  Sep 3, 2010 Watch video <div class="video-thumb thumbnail"><a class="js-link thumbnail-toggle" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return false;"><img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LnU3C4u0TKk/default.jpg" alt="" class="thumbnail" width="120" height="90"> <div class="icon play-icon"></div></a></div> <div class="video-details"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnU3C4u0TKk">Maoists kill one of abducted cops, Nitish still helpless</a> <span class="source">Asian News International (ANI)</span> &nbsp;-&nbsp; Sep 3, 2010 <div class="icon video-icon"></div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnU3C4u0TKk">Watch video</a></div> Bihal locals condemn Tete's killing,demand strict action Asian News International (ANI)  -  Sep 3, 2010 Watch video <div class="video-thumb thumbnail"><a class="js-link thumbnail-toggle" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return false;"><img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0zPRHKZUfjU/default.jpg" alt="" class="thumbnail" width="120" height="90"> <div class="icon play-icon"></div></a></div> <div class="video-details"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zPRHKZUfjU">Bihal locals condemn Tete's killing,demand strict action</a> <span class="source">Asian News International (ANI)</span> &nbsp;-&nbsp; Sep 3, 2010 <div class="icon video-icon"></div> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zPRHKZUfjU">Watch video</a></div> All related videos »

As gold prices reach record highs, it is adding new lustre to prospects for gold mining. While moves are afoot to revive state-owned Bharat Gold Mines (BGML), closed since 2001, Deccan Gold Mines, the country's only listed private gold miner, is also stepping on the gas to start gold production.
However, latest market reports indicate that Gold prices declined further to close below the psychological Rs 19,000-level at the bullion market here today due to reduced buying interest from retailers at current levels amid profit booking following a bearish trend in global markets. Nevertheless, Karnataka government-owned Hutti Gold Mines (HGML), the only producer of gold in India, is planning to expand production through joint ventures, according to people familiar with the development.

Meanwhile, white metal, silver continuing its record breaking spree, created yet another high on the back of heavy industrial demand coupled with stockists buying triggered by a sharp rally in overseas markets, where the metal settled at its two-year high.

Standard gold (99.5 purity) dropped further by Rs 95 per ten grams to finish at Rs 18,970 from Friday's closing level of Rs 19,065.

Pure gold (99.9 purity) fell by a similar margin of Rs 95 per ten grams to close at Rs 19,060 from yesterday's close of Rs 19,155.

However, silver ready (.999 fineness) shot up further by Rs 185 per kilo to conclude at Rs 31,690, as against Rs 31,505 previously.

In New York, gold for December delivery lost by $2.30 to $1,251.10 an ounce yesterday on the Comex division of the NYMEX.

Silver for December delivery added by 28 cents to $19.95 an ounce.

Deccan Gold Mines managing director Sandeep Lakhwara says it's a reasonable effort. "High gold prices mean prospects which were marginal earlier, either in terms of grade or quantum of deposits, are beginning to look more economical. Companies too gear up to get the best possible returns in the shortest time. We are fast tracking some plans, which have greater potential and pursuing licensing and regulatory approvals for them. Interestingly, more funds get poured into gold exploration when prices are high, compared to when prices are low," he added.

Deccan Gold is confident on Ganajur in Karnataka where it has initiated third phase resource drilling. Based on the results, it will commission a pre feasibility study to estimate mineral reserves and ascertain its economic viability.

State-run Nalco was cautious about a possible foray in precious commodities via joint ventures. "We have prepared a global bid document. However, our draft bid required court approval," a Nalco official, assigned to look into the modalities of reviving BGML, said.

Among the options was roping in a global mining company as joint venture partner, leasing out mines for outsourced mining through profit sharing and sale of property including land. Incidentally, BGML owns about 14,000 acres, which can fetch attractive price, given its proximity to Bangalore, where land prices have soared in recent years, said the official.

The mines ministry has sought Cabinet approval for its plans for BGML. The options include sale of shares held by government in Bharat Gold to Nalco and other PSUs like HCL. The other plan is conversion of government loans into equity and continued holding of minority stake by government with either Nalco or other PSUs.


Anil Agarwal-led Vedanta Resources has begun talks with the Gujarat government to ensure long-term supply of bauxite for its refinery in Orissa's Kalahandi district after its mining project in the Niyamgiri hills was refused permission by the central government on environmental grounds.

Mukesh Kumar, chief operating officer of Vedanta Aluminium Ltd, said the company is also prospecting the raw material in other states after the environment ministry rejected its mining plan near the refinery.

"We are trying to sign a pact soon with the Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation (GMDC) for supply of around 600,000 to 800,000 tonnes of bauxite every year for our refinery. They have already agreed for 500,000 tonnes," Kumar tp;d IANS in an interview.

GMDC is a government of Gujarat undertaking engaged in mining of minerals and developing mineral-based industrial products.

"In the recent past we had several rounds of discussions with GMDC officials and the result was encouraging. In the next 15-20 days, we are likely to finalise something with them," he said.

Environment and Forests Minister Jairam Ramesh last week rejected the company's bauxite mining project in the Niyamgiri hills in Lanjigarh, saying it will affect the environment and disturb primitive tribes living in the area for ages.

The one million-tonne alumina refinery of the company set up in 2008 has been running on bauxite from other mineral-rich states, including Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, Kumar said.

The approval to mine bauxite in the Niyamgiri hills located closer to the plant could have helped the company cut operating costs.

Kumar said he has requested the state government to provide alternative mines in nearby areas. "Since this matter (mining plan at Niyamgiri) is not getting resolved, we told the Orissa government that we cannot wait any more and kindly look for some alternative source of bauxite."

"More then 500-600 million tonnes of bauxite deposits are there within 40 km of Lanjigarh. I told them to look into them and select one," he said.

The alumina refinery in Lanjigarh began operations about three years ago and availability of raw material has always been a challenge.

Aditya Birla group company Utkal Alumina currently has the capacity to make 1.5 million tonnes of alumina, a key raw material for making aluminium. "We went to the environment ministry for an approval for the expansion and we have got it," Debu Bhattacharya, managing director of group flagship Hindalco Industries, told ET.

Expansion of alumina refineries is integral to metal companies such as Utkal Alumina and Vedanta Aluminium as it not only gives a higher capacity for conversion into aluminium metal, but also offers opportunities to boost profitability by selling it in the open market. State-run National Aluminium is Asia's largest producer of alumina.

Bauxite for Utkal Alumina comes from the group's own mines located at the Baphlimali hills in Raygada district of Orissa.

The move by the Birlas will likely push Utkal Alumina ahead of Vedanta Aluminium in the alumina league table, as the Anil Agarwal-controlled company currently has a capacity of 1 million tonnes at Lanjigarh. Vedanta had started work to take the capacity to 6 million tonnes, but stopped last month after the central government said it had not sought prior approval for the expansion.

Alumina from Utkal will feed the Aditya Birla group's aluminium smelters in Mahan in Madhya Pradesh and Aditya Aluminium in Orissa.

1. Tirupati Balaji's jewels to get 52K-crore cover ‎ Economic Times - 1 day ago To protect this asset, the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam ( TTD) board has ... Despite TTD's efforts, insuring the wealth of Tirupati Balaji seems to be a ... Tirupati temple to get Rs 52K-cr cover!‎ - Zee News PM offers prayers at Tirumala temple‎ - Express Buzz Board of Tirupati Balaji temple to insure Lord's jewellery‎ - Diamond World Magazine The Hindu - Sify all 61 news articles »

   * The Hindu

2. Irregularities in TTD: CM accepts recommendations ‎ Times of India - 3 days ago According to highly-placed sources, the government has directed the EO to instruct the inspection wing and the audit department of TTD to conduct periodical ... Acharya shunted out of APIIC; Dharma Reddy gets the boot from TTD‎ - Times of India Special Officer of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam transferred‎ - IBNLive.com TTD's controversial officer removed‎ - Express Buzz Times of India - Deccan Chronicle all 16 news articles »

3. PA to ex-TTD board member held for selling seva tickets ‎ Times of India - 26 Aug 2010 TIRUPATI: Even before the dust on the Arjitha seva ticket scandal could settle down, a personal assistant of a former member of Tirupati Tirumala ... New TTD authority to take charge on Aug 30‎ - Times of India Tirupati: Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna was at it again...‎ - Times of India 8-member panel formed to check security at religious places‎ - Times of India all 8 news articles »

4. ''TTD Specified Authority'' assumes charge ‎ IBNLive.com - 5 days ago Medical and Health Special Chief Secretary J Satyanarayana, took oath as Chairman, of 'TTD Specified Authority', Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) ... 'Tirupati jewellery pilfered, replaced with fakes'‎ - India Today TTD staff hurt as Chiru fails to his word‎ - Times of India Tirupati: Dharma Reddy in a deeper hole‎ - Express Buzz Deccan Herald - Rang7.com all 25 news articles »

   * Mangalorean.com

5. Your guide to booking TTD Darshan and Sevas ‎ MyBangalore - Lavanya Srinivasan - 24 Aug 2010 So here is a detailed guide on how to book TTD Darshan and accommodation. Located on the seventh peak of the Tirumala hill- Venkatachala, the temple of ... TTD Specified Authority constituted‎ - The Hindu No CBI probe into TTD irregularities‎ - Times of India Specified authority to look after TTD affairs‎ - Express Buzz Economic Times - Deccan Chronicle all 18 news articles »

   * The Hindu

6. Anxious moments for TTD staff ‎ Express Buzz - 2 days ago TIRUMALA: The TTD staff involved in making arrangements for the Prime Minister's visit to Tirumala on Wednesday had some anxious moments when a huge, ...

7. Ex-TTD chief demands CBI probe into 'Tirumala scam' ‎ Times of India - 17 Aug 2010 HYDERABAD: Former chairman of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) B Karunakar Reddy on Tuesday threatened to go on indefinite hunger strike if the state ... Investigate me, or I'll fast: TTD ex-boss‎ - Express Buzz Controversies haunt Tirupati temple‎ - Oneindia Board members, 25 employees named‎ - Indian Express Sify - The Hindu all 24 news articles »

   * Oneindia

8. Cabinet for specified authority to clear TTD ‎ Times of India - 19 Aug 2010 HYDERABAD: Embarrassed by the controversy over the functioning of the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) board, the state cabinet on Thursday decided not ... TTD ex-chief begins indefinite fast‎ - Express Buzz TTD Board term extended by 2 months‎ - Express Buzz AP Government mulls new body to manage Tirupati temple‎ - IBNLive.com Deccan Herald - Deccan Chronicle all 12 news articles »

9. Rich tributes paid to YSR on first death anniversary ‎ The Hindu - 2 days ago In the temple town of Tirupati, former Chairman of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD) B Karunakar Reddy organised 'Yagam' on the occasion. ... Video: Remembering YSR on 1st death anniversary NewsX All roads lead to Idupulapaya‎ - Express Buzz all 181 news articles »

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10. TTD to construct another Kalyana Mandapam ‎ Times of India - 21 Aug 2010 HYDERABAD: The Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD) is to construct a modern Kalyana Mandapam at the Sri Suryanarayana Swamy temple, Arasavalli in Srikakulam ... 'Set up special court for TTD affairs'‎ - Express Buzz all 3 news articles »

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Saturday September 4, 04:11 AM

Source: Financial Express

Green rules for shale gas explorers soon

The government will put in place a set of new environment protection guidelines as part of its proposed shale gas policy, which companies venturing into exploration of this new fuel source in India will have to compulsorily follow. The proposed guidelines are likely to force oil explorers to disclose the chemicals they use, which are increasingly being linked to groundwater contamination globally.
The idea is to adopt environment protection norms followed in countries where shale gas production has flourished, without going to the opposite extreme of overregulation that could push up costs and make shale gas an uneconomical source of energy, official sources told FE.
While definitive environmental norms for shale gas are being mulled, exploitation of this resource could also require a compatible land acquisition policy. Horizontal drilling is used for shale gas exploration, which requires large tracts of land. In countries like the US, the government acquires land for this purpose, but in India, even the proposed land acquisition bill speaks of limited government role in this regard.
India's private energy companies like Reliance Industries (RELIANCE.NS : 925.7 -11.75
Incidents of mineral exploration and mining projects being hampered by environmental regulations the latest being Vedanta Resources' bauxite mining venture in Orissa - have indeed prompted the policymakers to take preemptive policies in shale gas.
PricewaterhouseCooper's associate director and energy expert Deepak Mahurkar said that a new set of environment obligations would not be alarming to the shale gas exploration and production industry because the hydrocarbons sector, per se, has high environment protection requirements. Oil and conventional gas too have them, Mahurkar said.
Ground water contamination and air pollution are globally considered as the environmental impact of shale gas exploration, which has forced many state authorities in the US to halt expansion of their shale exploration activities.
According to overseas reports, New York already has a moratorium in force on further expansion of shale exploration, while certain municipalities in Pennsylvania, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas have passed resolutions to that effect but have not enforced them yet.
A government official said inputs and suggestions would be sought from Schlumberger, a New York-listed oil field services company which is doing a pilot study on India's shale reserves for state-owned ONGC (ONGC.NS : 1339 +17.6
Hydraulic fracing, a way of creating fractures in underground shale formations with the help of fluids, is now evolving as a separate discipline in hydrocarbon drilling because of its possible environmental impact. Many explorers use diesel as a fracing fluid to extract the gas trapped in rock formations.
"For shale gas exploration, we need to drill more holes per unit area than for any other hydrocarbon, which makes the process more complex. One view is that since shale gas is found much dter Act, is now reviewing this decision in the wake of demand from environmentalists.
The petroleum ministry is now in touch with the US department of energy for co-operation in the field of shale gas exploration, as India seeks to step up its efforts to produce more energy from cleaner sources. Conventional energy companies too are entering the field. The largest Indian company Reliance Industries has already acquired 40% in Atlas Energy's leasehold in a shale gas field in the US.Deeper than ground water levels, it may not possibly lead to contamination. We will, however, adopt the best international practices by way of caution," said a senior government official, who asked not to be named.
The US, which five years ago exempted hydraulic fracing from being regulated under its Safe Drinking Wa

Saturday August 21, 10:42 AM

Source: Hindustan Times

Jairam to take final call on Vedanta project

New Delhi, Aug. 21 -- In a big blow to Vedanta bauxite mining refinery project in Orissa, the environment ministry's Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) on Friday accepted the N.C. Saxena Committee report and left the final decision on the project to Environment and Forests Minister Jairam Ramesh. The report, which was discussed at the meet, had citied many violations of the in-principle environment clearance given to Orissa Mining Corporation in 2008 including non-compliance with the provisions of the Forest Rights Act.
"The consent certificate of the gram sabha granted was fake," the panel said in its report submitted to Ramesh on Monday. It also recommended rejection of approval to the project because of large scale violations.
Ministry sources said Ramesh, who will get the FAC recommendations on Saturday afternoon, will decide on the bauxite mining issue "soon".
"This has been decided," said a FAC member. "The committee examined all aspects of the report and prepared its view on that. The final shape to its views will be finalised on Saturday".
According to sources the FAC, after deliberating on other issues listed on the agenda, discussed the Saxena report and the letter sent by P.N. Behara, principal secretary (Forest) Orissa to the ministry on Wednesday. "The letter was general in nature and failed to negate the recommendations of the committee," a member said.
The report was discussed in light of Supreme Court's order in 2008 giving conditional environment clearance to the mining project in Nyamgiri Hills and legal opinion favouring that the ministry can review the clearance.
Navi Mumbai airport The state government will also have to minimise the project area for all 17 sites so that there is minimum impact on environment.

Saturday August 21, 10:42 AM

Source: Hindustan Times

Tata Tele, RCom also get nod?

New Delhi, Aug. 20 -- Tata Teleservices and Reliance Communication have received the government's approval to buy telecom equipment from Chinese firms, sources with direct knowledge of the matter said on Friday. Tata Teleservices is scheduled to receive the equipment from China's Huawei Technologies Co and ZTE Corp. ZTE Corp has also inked a deal to supply telecom gear to Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (ADAG) firm Reliance Communications (RCOM.NS : 163.3 +0.5

Friday August 20, 10:07 AM

Source: Hindustan Times

Nifty crosses 5,500, Sensex touches new 30-mth high

New Delhi, Aug. 19 -- Taking cue from strong showing in global markets, the Indian stock markets ended at at 30-month highs on Thursday. The National Stock Exchange (^NSEI : 5479.4 -6.75^BSESN : 18221.43 -16.88
The Asian markets ended Thursday in the black, and the European markets were trading strongly when the Indian markets closed for the day.
In India the banking index and the FMCG index at the BSE emerged as the biggest gainers as they were up by 1.9 and 1.7 per cent respectively. Among the Sensex companies ACC (ACC.NS : 896.65 +1.1ICICIBANK.NS : 1001 -2.9

Friday August 20, 09:38 AM

Source: Hindustan Times

Is FD power on the wane? Not really, say experts

Mumbai, Aug. 19 -- As floating rate fixed deposits (FDs) take over, is the sturdy old savings instrument losing its charm? Experts say not. While debt-based mutual funds may offer higher returns, FD may still score higher on safety, as returns do not fluctuate. After SBI (SBIN.NS : 2773.4 +14.3
However, experts advice caution since a pre-mature withdrawal in fixed rate FD may attract a penalty and a variable rate FD may be subject to interest rate fluctuations.
"I think it will work only in a rising interest rate scenario and that too for the medium-term of 2-3 years and in a falling interest rate scenario it is better to lock in at the fixed rate," said Amar Pandit, a Mumbai based financial planner.
Financial experts, however, feel that even if the interest rate goes down, the capital is safe.
"FD your capital is secure and the only matter is whether you earn 6 per cent or 8 per cent. However, in case of debt funds, you may see some loss in your portfolio for the short-term, though they offer more liquidity," said Surya Bhatia, a Delhi- based financial planner. While Public Provident Funds offers a tax-free return of 8.5 per cent, the individual investment is capped at R70,000. The post office monthly income scheme offers 8 per cent but the investment is limited at R4.5 lakh.

Saturday September 4, 04:11 AM

Source: Financial Express

India Inc's inventory-to-sales ratio rises to 14.7%

India Inc appears to get weaker at managing inventories. In the last three years, a number of companies witnessed increase in their inventories and they are not being able to manage and reduce the inventories-to-sales ratio, thus effectively increasing the cost of bearing them.
According to an FE study of inventories of 1,169 major companies (sales above Rs 1 crore) between 2007-08 and 2009-10, the ratio increased to 14.74% in 2009-10, reflecting poor management of inventories by the big corporate sector. In 2008-09 and 2007-08, the ratios stood at 12.46% and 14.01%, respectively.
The total inventories of these companies increased by 4.9% to Rs 2.57 lakh crore in 2008-09 from Rs 2.45 lakh crore in 2007-08 and further increased by 23.7% to Rs 3.18 lakh crore last fiscal. The sales of these companies increased by 4.6% in 2009-10 as against 18% in the previous fiscal.
"Post 2009, the business scenario catch up with the GDP momentum, as a result business communities increased their inventory positions. High-cost inventories has dented the profitability during the last quarter and entrepreneurs are looking for improving pricing in order to adjust their high cost inventories and low profitability," said Kishor P Ostwal, CMD, CNI Research.
Of the 1,169 companies in the study, 540 reported a decline in the inventories to sales ratio while 618 recorded a rise in 2009-10 from what they registered in 2008-09. For 11 companies, the numbers stayed at the same level. Many of them, particularly those in the steel and the automobiles & ancillaries industry , showed significant decrease in their ratios in 2009-10 as against 2007-08. This indicates they have managed their inventories properly.
In the steel industry, Tata Steel (TATASTL.BO : 539.95 -3.5
In automobiles and ancillaries group, Maruti Suzuki showed a steady decline in its ratio, from 5.80% in 2007-08 to 4.15% last fiscal. While its actual inventory level increased by 16.4% to Rs 1,208 crore in 2009-10 from Rs 1,038 crore in 2007-08, its sales figure rose 62.6% to Rs 29,098 crore in 2009-10 from the Rs 17,891-crore level in 2007-08.
Among the industries studied, nine industries, including aluminium, cigarettes, diversified (Grasim Industries,Century Textiles ,Kesoram Industries) ,electric equipment, pharmaceuticals, sugar and textiles, had inventory-to-sales ratio above 20 % last fiscal. Mention may be made of. In 2007-08, there were eight industries with inventories-to-sales ratios of 20% or more.
Automobiles & ancillaries, fertilisers, refineries and tyres were those with very low inventory-to-sales ratios in 2009-10. The best achievers in 2007-08 were automobiles & ancillaries, cement, electronics, petrochemicals and refineries. Industries which have lowered their inventory share in sales significantly last fiscal from 2007-08 were automobiles & ancillaries, fertilisers, paper, steel, tea and tyres. In case of fertilisers, the inventory level declined 12.5% to Rs 3,195 crore in 2009-10 from Rs 3,652 crore in 2007-08. But its sales has increased by 21.1% during the same period.

1. S Vijay Kumar: A mine of reforms

2. While the draft MMDR Act seeks to address mining-related concerns of most stakeholders, its success will depend on an increase in investor confidence.

3. business-standard.com/india/news/.../396150 - 150k - Cached

4. Debate Begins on Mining Reform

5. ... in nearly 13 years on a bill (HR 2262) to reform the 1872 Mining Act (1872) ... 5 miles of the Grand Canyon, "driven by China and India's need for uranium. ...

6. www.mining-law-reform.info/Kamp.htm - Cached

7. India digs in to clean up mining - The National Newspaper

8. The country's rich mineral deposits have brought problems as well as riches over the years, and now the government is ... The mines and minerals development ...

9. thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?.../BUSINESS/707039932 - Cached

10. Business News - EEPC INDIA

11. "A complete and holistic reform in the mining sector is being attempted through a ... The new act is at present being vetted by the Ministry of Law, a. Source : ...

12. www.eepcindia.org/news-detail.asp?docid=13287 - Cached

13. Sierra Leone mulls mining reform, royalty hike | Reuters

14. What is the status of India's reform proposals? Jan-June FDI inflows down 18 pct y/y: govt ... were negotiating their own agreements outside the mining act. ...

15. in.reuters.com/article/idINLH16326020091117 - 60k - Cached

16. Mining Equipment and Supplier News " Mining Law Reform ...

17. ... General Mining Act of 1872, the Hardrock Mining and Reclamation Act of ... GIS GOLD India iron ore management metso minerals mill mine safety and health ...

18. suppliersandequipment.mining.com/2009/02/17/... - Cached

19. Bring in reforms to prevent more Kodas : India : Gurcharan ...

20. ... Act 2000 — remain stuck because politicians in the mining states do ... satisfactory coda will be the reform of the mining sector along the lines of the ...

21. blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/men-and-ideas/entry/... - 310k - Cached

22. InfoChange India News & Features development news India ...

23. ... sector is governed by the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, ... be won over by a concerted effort to negate the Maoist threat and speed reform. ...

24. infochangeindia.org/201008098448/Livelihoods/Features/... - 68k - Cached

25. CSM's Pranav Sinha quoted - India coal: Reforming slowly ...

26. ... eastern India, where much of India's coal mining takes place. ... argue that they act as a barrier to reform and create tensions between the centre and states. ...

27. csmworld.org/Static-Content/csm-in-the-news-india-coal-reform... - Cached

28. India Together: Lokayukta slams mining in Karnataka's forests ...

29. ... of their respective governments to act against the mining industry is due to its ... is clearly much need for reform - leases are not auctioned; royalty payments ...

30. indiatogether.org/2010/jan/env-kamines.htm - 63k - Cached

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1. Govt to introduce market-based regulation for air pollution

2. New Delhi, Aug 31 : The Ministry of Environment and Forests has resorted to market-based regulation to control air pollution.

3. New Kerala - 01 Sep 09:32AM

4. Lunch with BS: N C Saxena

5. His report on Vedanta's operations in Niyamgiri made waves, but the former bureaucrat takes pride in his role in earlier battles.

6. Business Standard India - 31 Aug 03:54PM

7. STATES

8. KERALA: Cisco to wire up UST Global's intelligent campus IP-based network to cut capex, carbon footprint. Networking giant Cisco will use its Smart+Connected Real Estate Solution to wire up the futuristic global campus being set up here by IT services and solutions provider ...

9. The Hindu - 31 Aug 12:46AM

10. FE Editorial : Mining a solution

11. Monday was sort of mining day. After several meetings between the PMO and mining ministry officials, the Union....

12. Express India - 17 Aug 02:19AM

13. UPA has ensured food security for rats, says Left

14. In a scathing attack on the United Progressive Alliance government, CPI(M) general secretary Prakash Karat said that the government had failed in all its economic policies and that is why the aam aadmi in the country is suffering. Exceprts from his speech:

15. rediff.com - 09 Aug 04:44PM

16. Mining Reform Act India - Blog Results

• Physicians, Others Chime in on Who's to Blame for Rising Healthcare Costs

• [Blog - by Michael Shedlock] I received a lot of emails in response to Who's to Blame for Rising Healthcare Costs? Some reader suggestions might save you some money.Overpaying for Generics"Dr.

• Mish's Global Economic Trend Analysis - 30 Aug 08:53AM

1. A decade of economic reforms in India: the mining sector - Elsevier

2. by K Singh - 2003 - Cited by 5 - Related articles

3. 11 Feb 1997 ... A decade of economic reforms in India: the mining sector. Kanhaiya Singh a , Corresponding Author Contact Information ...

4. linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301420704000406 - Similar

5. Govt sees coal reform blueprint in oil and gas | Reuters

6. 4 Jul 2010 ... Many commentators have suggested the Maoist threat is the biggest obstacle to mining reform in India, something the government has also ...

7. in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-49802320100704 - Cached

8. Mining reforms on hold as ministries differ

9. 19 May 2010 ... A sweeping set of reforms proposed for the country's mining sector have led to a faceoff between the Union law and mines ministries.

10. www.business-standard.com/india/.../mining-reformshold-as.../395395/ - Cached

11. India Government: Possible outcomes for fuel price reform - News ...

12. 25 Jun 2010 ... Mining Exploration News – Trade Company Mining Exploration Investment Gold ... India Government: Possible outcomes for fuel price reform ...

13. www.phongpo.com/.../india-government-possible-outcomes-for-fuel-price-reform/ - Cached

14. Now GoM will resolve differences over mining reforms - Yahoo ...

15. 14 Jun 2010 ... Mining sector reforms have long been a victim of state apathy, ... Air India to operate daily Mumbai-Abu Dhabi flights from Nov 1 PTI ...

16. in.news.yahoo.com/.../tbs-now-gom-will-resolve-differences-ove_1.html - United States - Cached

17. Novamining Blogs | A MINE OF REFORMS

18. 28 May 2010 ... Comments on A Mine of Reforms by Shri S. Vijay Kumar, Special Secretary, Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India, New Delhi ...

19. www.novamining.com/blog/?p=205 - Cached

20. Orissa govt ropes in World Bank for mining reforms

21. 16 Apr 2010 ... Events. FE Events. India's Best BankFe Best Banks 2008. Services. Channels ... Orissa govt ropes in World Bank for mining reforms ...

22. www.financialexpress.com/...mining-reforms/607065/ - United States - Cached

23. [PDF]

24. A DECADE OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN INDIA: THE MINING SECTOR

25. File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Quick View

26. by K Singh - 2004 - Cited by 5 - Related articles

27. Reforms in mining Sector of India. 3 abroad the mining sector as a whole require adequate liberalisation. Considerable progress has been made in this ...

28. dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41324/2/KanhaiyaSingh.pdf

29. Now GoM will resolve differences over mining reforms

30. 14 Jun 2010 ... Latest news, breaking news - Now GoM will resolve differences over mining reforms.

31. www.indianexpress.com/...mining-reforms/633367/ - United States - Cached

32. A decade of economic reforms in India: the mining sector

33. by K Singh - 2003 - Cited by 5 - Related articles

34. 16 Aug 2010 ... A decade of economic reforms in India: the mining sector. Author info | Abstract | Publisher info | Download info | Related research | ...

35. ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v29y2003i3-4p139-151.html - Cached

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2. National Mineral Policy - NMP 2008.docx

3. File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Quick View

4. Government of India. Ministry of Mines. NATIONAL MINERAL POLICY, 2008. (For non - fuel and non - coal minerals). 1. PREAMBLE ...

5. mines.nic.in/File_link_view.aspx?ltp=1&lid=76

6. National Mineral Policy/Ministry of Mines

7. 29 Nov 2004 ... These aspects constitute the essentials of National Mineral Policy which has evolved over the years. The policy also emphasises certain new ...

8. mines.nic.in/nmp.html - Cached - Similar

9. Show more results from mines.nic.in

10. National Mineral Policy 2008 | India Environment Portal

11. THE government proposes to operationalise the much-awaited National Mineral Policy early next year. Union minister for mines BK Handique on Monday said that ...

12. www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/.../national-mineral-policy-20 - Cached - Similar

13. Steel Guru : The new National Mineral Policy of India - 77781 ...

14. 77781 - 2009-01-08 - The new National Mineral Policy was approved by the Government of India on March 18th 2008 which includes the following major changes: ...

15. www.steelguru.com/...National_Mineral_Policy...India/77781.html - Cached

16. ||| NMDC |||

17. NMDC Limited (A Government of India Enterprise). Recorded Hits as on :9/4/2010 9:57:59 PM are 1576271. Today's Hits: 2088. Enlistment of New Customers ...

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21. InfoChange India News & Features development news India - India's ...

22. 7 Jan 2009 ... India's new mineral policy will usher in gloom for adivasis ... Salient features of the National Mineral Policy (NMP) 2008 ...

23. infochangeindia.org/.../India's-new-mineral-policy-will-usher-in-gloom-for-adivasis.html - Cached - Similar

24. Union Cabinet approves new National Mineral Policy : India ...

25. 14 Mar 2008 ... The Cabinet gave its approval to the new National Mineral Policy 2008, which will help the mining sector attract FDI to the tune of 250 ...

26. www.economicindia.info/.../union-cabinet-approves-new-national-mineral-policy/ - Cached

27. A national mineral policy as a regulatory tool - Elsevier

28. by JM Otto - 1997 - Cited by 23 - Related articles

29. mFor an example of a selfsufficiency oriented policy see the national mineral policy of India (1993) and an article by Ghosh (1994). ...

30. linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030142079700007X - Similar

31. EconPapers: Report on National Mineral Policy

32. Report on National Mineral Policy. India Planning Commission. Working Papers from esocialsciences.com. Abstract: Even after five years of after the ...

33. econpapers.repec.org/paper/esswpaper/id_3a1255.htm - Cached

34. Welcome to India in Business : Industry & Services

35. India ranks 2nd in barytes, chromite and talc/steatite/pyrophillite; .... NATIONAL MINERAL POLICY, 2008 (For non - fuel and non - coal minerals). Preamble ...

36. www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/industry.../industrial.../mines.htm - Cached - Similar

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1. Mining Legislation/Ministry of Mines

2. 5 Oct 2006... 1952, together with the rules and regulations framed under them, constitute the basic laws governing the mining sector in India. ...

3. mines.nic.in/minleg.html - Cached - Similar

4. [PDF]

5. Mining Policy, Regulation and Conservation

6. File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Quick View

7. Mining Law and Policy. 3.1 The Central Government can exercise powers for ... Government of India in July, 1991 in fiscal, industrial ...

8. mines.nic.in/writereaddata/.../61fa3d4bce8c44c5b4610c008f7db6d8.pdf

9. Vedanta's Niyamgiri mine clearance rejected « LAW RESOURCE INDIA

10. 25 Aug 2010 ... He blamed Vedanta, the Orissa Mining Corporation, and the State officials for the violations. "The clearance stands rejected. ...

11. indialawyers.wordpress.com/.../vedantas-niyamgiri-mine-clearance-rejected/ - Cached

12. Legislation India (Lexadin)

13. Mining Law. Mines and Minerals Act 1957 · The Mines Act 1952. Tax law ... The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (Act No. ...

14. www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxweind.htm - Cached - Similar

15. Environmental Concerns in Mining Laws in India — National Law ...

16. Environmental Concerns in Mining Laws in India. by admin — last modified 2008-02-12 16:58. Prof.(Dr.) M.K. Ramesh, NLSIU. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN MINING ...

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18. Mines Act 1957 | India Environment Portal

19. Ministers will meet in three weeks to consider revamping a five-decade old mining law that tries to balance the needs of investors with those of locals ...

20. www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/.../mining/.../mining.../mines-act-1957 - Cached - Similar

21. India Together: Environmental Laws, Regulations and Policy - Homepage

22. MINING IN ORISSA Mine today, gone tomorrow. The Supreme Court acknowledges the indictment of Vedanta's operations in India by the Norwegian Council on ...

23. www.indiatogether.org/environment/laws.htm - Cached - Similar

24. India to revamp mining laws, attract foreign miners - Reuters -

25. 11 Mar 2010 ... India is in the process of revamping its mining laws in a bid to attract more foreign mining and exploration companies to invest in its ...

26. www.moneycontrol.com/.../india-to-revamp-mining-laws-attract-foreign-miners_446052.html - Cached

27. Australia must tighten mining, racism laws: UN - World - DNA

28. 27 Aug 2010 ... The committee's recommendations were issued in a report following a regular review of Australia's compliance with an international treaty of ...

29. www.dnaindia.com/.../report_australia-must-tighten-mining-racism-laws-un_1429576 - Cached

30. PDAC-India to revamp mining laws, attract foreign miners | Reuters

31. 10 Mar 2010 ... New policy allows for transfer of mining concessions * New policy will help boost foreign investment in mining By Euan Rocha TORONTO, ...

32. www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1022740220100311 - Cached

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BG Verghese: Stop Vedanta, stop India? ‎ Business Standard - Bg Verghese - 20 hours ago The charge that the mining area amounts to a cultural invasion of the sacred ... company" could "shake the faith of tribal people in the laws of the land ... Another Big Blow to India-Focused Vedanta Resources‎ - Technorati (blog) Vedanta Woes‎ - All India Today all 4 news articles »

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17. Cut out the shortcuts ‎ Hindustan Times - 26 Aug 2010 In utter disregard for environmental concerns and existing laws, ... Two, India will have to do more with less. We won't be able to mine all the minerals or ... Video: The Mint Report for 24 August Mint No violation of law at Orissa alumina refinery: Vedanta‎ - Moneycontrol.com Jairam puts last nail in Vedanta's India plans‎ - Economic Times Times of India - Sify all 874 news articles »

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18. Plan panel to moot new relief formula for land losers ‎ Business Standard - 1 day ago The commission would suggest the plan to the mining ministry shortly, and a clear picture was ... citing the company's non-compliance with a number of laws. ...

19. Cos with captive mines to share profits with affected people ‎ Economic Times - 1 day ago ... it is part of the new mining law," Mr Handique said in an interview. ... Tata Steel, India's largest private steel company with its own iron ore and ...

20. ANGELS AND DEMONS ‎ Calcutta Telegraph - Swapan Dasgupta - 1 day ago But even he wouldn't have been able to control the outpouring of greed and the debasement of the political system that accompanies mining in India. ...

    * Calcutta Telegraph

21. Google, Skype in India's line of fire ‎ Hamilton Spectator - Sang Tan - 1 day ago ... company subject to US laws. Luxembourg-based Skype has no India operations. ... fastest-growing major market -- but also in mining and nuclear energy. ... Google, Skype targeted in India security crackdown‎ - The Associated Press all 513 news articles »

    * Reuters

22. It's all mine, not ours ‎ Hindustan Times - 18 Aug 2010 The State-owned mining companies too are not always above board. All across India there are protests against power projects, SEZs and mining projects. ... Video: Saxena panel stalls Vedanta's bauxite project NewsX Don't clear Vedanta's mining project: panel‎ - The Hindu India Panel: Vedanta Mine Would Threaten Tribes‎ - Wall Street Journal Times of India - Livemint all 178 news articles »

    * Moneycontrol.com

23. Block, Stock And Barrel ‎ Outlook - 8 hours ago ... mining project in Orissa as a platform to take up the cause of tribals. ... Also, Cairn's plans to monetise its assets in India to raise funds for ...

    * Outlook

24. India says Vedanta refinery breaches green laws ‎ Reuters Africa - 3 days ago ... violations" of green laws in Vedanta's existing alumina refinery in eastern India, the latest in the London-based firm's mining troubles in India. ... WILL VEDANTA SPARE NIYAMGIRI?‎ - Livemint all 84 news articles »

    * The Hindu

25. Centre can crack down on illegal mining: Law officer ‎ Hindustan Times - 9 Aug 2010 Indian top law officer has told the Centre that it has powers to curb illegal ... it occurs outside mining areas saying conservation of India's mineral ...

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Karnataka sets up special panel to check illegal mining Sify - ‎Aug 18, 2010‎ The Karnataka government Wednesday constituted a 14-member special committee to check illegal mining and export of iron ore and other minerals from the ... A veritable minefield Sify - ‎Aug 17, 2010‎ Illegal iron ore mining, which has rocked the Karnataka government for months, has now become a national issue with the Union Cabinet deciding to institute ... Govt forms panel to probe illegal mining Hindustan Times - ‎Aug 17, 2010‎ Admitting to incidents of large scale illegal mining in several states, UPA government on Tuesday set up a Commission of Inquiry to investigate the extent ... 'Large scale' illegal mining in various states, says Govt Hindustan Times - ‎Aug 17, 2010‎ PTI Acknowledging "large scale" illegal mining in various states, the government today said this could lead to a nexus between criminal and anti-national ... Centre okays probe on illegal mining in Karnataka Daily News & Analysis - Hemanth Kumar - ‎Aug 16, 2010‎ The Centre on Monday cleared a proposal for setting up a commission to check illegal mining. ... Govt forms inquiry commission to look into illegal mining Economic Times - ‎Aug 16, 2010‎ NEW DELHI: The public outcry over illegal mining has compelled the government to set up a commission of inquiry into illegal mining of manganese and iron ... Commission will monitor illegal mining in state Times of India - ‎Aug 16, 2010‎ PANAJI/NEW DELHI: The Centre's decision to set up the mining commission comes at a time when the government is also considering a National Mining Regulatory ... Mine moments Indian Express - ‎Aug 16, 2010‎ That "illegal" mining, mining without permission or in excess of what is permitted, has become a major issue nationwide is now quite clear. ... Commission to probe illegal mining The Hindu - ‎Aug 16, 2010‎ NEW DELHI: The Centre has set up a Commission of Inquiry to look into cases of illegal mining of coal, iron ore and manganese across the country. ... All 29 related articles »

Related Commodities Iron ore Mining Karnataka Burger King Andhra Pradesh Timeline of articles Number of sources covering this story 'Large scale' illegal mining in various states, says Govt ‎Aug 17, 2010‎ - Hindustan Times Centre plans to give tribals a share in mining profits ‎Aug 16, 2010‎ - The Hindu

Novelis looking up, says Birla

Hindalco had recently tied up $1.05 billion in loans for the Utkal Alumina project, which is scheduled to start production in the second quarter of 2012.

Hindalco has also earmarked a spending of about Rs 40,000 crore for its greenfield and expansion projects in the metals space. Speaking to shareholders at an annual general meeting on Friday, Kumar Mangalam Birla, the group's chairman, said smelter expansion at Hirakud from 155,000 tonnes to 161,000 tonnes was progressing and was slated for completion in the second quarter.

Mr Birla also said overseas subsidiary Novelis, which had made large losses soon after acquisition, is now "looking up". Novelis, which was bought by Hindalco for $6 billion in 2007, reported record results in terms of adjusted EBITDA, liquidity and free cash flow, he added. This was despite a 2% decrease in shipments from Novelis, where sales fell due to a contraction in average LME prices. Referring to Hindalco's financing plans, Mr Birla said the company had raised $600 million through a qualified institutional placement issuance, one of the largest such issues in 2009.

Shree Cement to invest Rs 36 bn for expansion

Shree Cement Ltd plans to invest 36 bn rupees on capital expenditure over the next 18 months, Chairman H.M. Bangur told reporters on the sidelines of an industry summit on Thursday.

The Rajasthan-based cement maker expects margins to decline further in FY11 but revenues will likely remain flat, he said.

L&T Infra eyes 50 per cent growth this fiscal

L&T Infrastructure Finance Co Ltd is eyeing a disbursal growth of 50 per cent during the current financial year, a company official said.

Last fiscal, the company disbursed Rs 4,500 crore, chief executive of L&T Infra Suneet K Maheshwari said.

Maheshwari said the company Is not looking at any acquisition in specialised NBFC space since organic growth is stupendous.

"We do not need inorganic growth since organically we are growing by 50 per cent," he told reporters here today.

Asked when L&T would enter the banking sector, he said the exact model to be followed for this purpose would become clear in a year or so.

Regarding fund raising, Maheshwari said external commercial borrowings (ECBs) is a viable option. "Fund raising will not be a problem", he said.

Essar, others eye Kangaroo's Indonesia coal
Essar Group and other Indian, Southeast Asian and Australian companies have expressed interest in Australian miner Kangaroo Resources' GPK coal project in Indonesia, a Kangaroo executive said on Thursday. Kangaroo bought just under 85 percent of the project last year for $2 mn, and has fielded interest from others in the project since then.

"There's no specific deadline. We're working through with the parties that have expressed (interest) or provided non-binding bids and we're looking to work through the process of getting their bids to binding status," Kangaroo's chief geologist, Jerko Zuvela, told media.

He declined to say how many parties had expressed interest, but he confirmed that Essar was one of the interested parties. Kangaroo said last month it had appointed Macquarie in Singapore to manage the bid process.

29 Aug, 2010, 08.58PM IST, Nageshwar Patnaik,ET Bureau
Paradeep Phosphate Ltd to set up new sulphuric, power plants
BHUBANESWAR: Paradeep Phosphates Limited (PPL), a former public sector unit now run by the K K Birla Group, will invest about Rs 500 crore to set up new plants and undertake major expansion work over the next three years.

"As per the plans, about Rs 250 crore will be spent on setting up a new 2000-tonne-per-day Sulphuric Acid plant and a new gypsum pond at an investment of Rs 100 crore, besides debottlenecking and upgrading the existing Phosphoric Acid plant by spending about Rs 70 crore," PPL managing director, S Nandurdikar said here on Saturday.

This apart, the Company will set up a 20 MW captive cogeneration power plant.

As part of a diversification programme, the company also plans to add some new items to its basket of products, including two new micro-nutrients and pesticides, Mr Nadurdikar said.

"Accelerating the drive to expand its portfolio, PPL is also planning to introduce ammonia/urea, besides gearing up to set up a state-of-the-art soil testing laboratory in Bhubaneswar," the MD informed.

In 2009-10, PPL achieved production of 12.12 lakh metric tonnes of DAP and complex fertilizers. Among the intermediary products, Sulphuric Acid and Phosphoric Acid productions were recorded at 6,35,520 MTs and 2,24,500 MTs, respectively.

Prayer for Humanity on September 16, 2010
*on the eve of High Court Judgment on Ayodhya*

Friends,
           As you might know, on 17th september 2010 Lukcnow bench of UP
High Court is going to give its verdict on Ayodhya issue, whether it was a
Masjid or a Mandir at the disputed site .There are strong apprehensions that
the communal organisations may take full advantage of this issue and whip up
passions. It is our humble opinion that the Court's decision, irrespective
of in whose favor it goes, should be respected by all. Human life and
dignity should be our foremost priority, not Mandir or Masjid .

We all have made a decision in this context that on 16th september 2010,
Hindu and Muslim brothers should come on a single platform and pray for
Humanity, brotherhood and love .This programme will commence on 16th
september 2010 from 5 pm to 6 pm in the entire nation. People who want to
organise it, may kindly contact us as soon as possible .

Organisers : Sadhbahv Mission ,NAPM, Asha Parivar ,Awami Bahart ,Haideri
Foundation, Yuva Koshish, JUCS, Jai Bharat Foundation, Ayodhya ki Aawaz,
Khidmat, Youth Movement of India , ILm Society, Lohia Vichar Manch

*Venues                             State                      Contact Person*
------------------------------
*Jamia Nagar*                *New Delhi *
S.Ali Akhtar- 9871511120

Laxman Singh - 9312082750

*Sholapur  *                   *Maharashtra  *                Vilaas
Wakeel - 09370429705

Azad Sheikh -

*Bhilwara *                    *Rajasthan    *
Bakshudas - 09214802170
Abid - 09983300177

*Hyderabad*                  *Andhra Pradesh*     C.V Raamnamurthy - 09000122770
                                                                Zaheer Azaad -

*Khera*                        *Gujarat*                     Haridas
Saheb - 09879948981

S.Aleemuddin - 09879466247

*Jind *                          *Haryana *               Raamphal Dahiya
                                                             Maulana
Ahmad - 09034359045

*Mau*                         *Uttar Pradesh*
Arvind Murthy - 09839835032

*Muradabad*               *Uttar Pradesh*                     Prem
Kumar - 09412839020

*Bhagalpur*               * Bihar      *
Shahbaaz - 09852502249

*Calcutta*                *  West Bengal*                       Kausar
Bhai - 09051848275

*Kareem ganj*           *Assam*                         D.A.H
Choudhury - 094535585456
                                                              Syed
Rashed Ahmed 09854404767

*Kargil *                  *Jammu & Kashmir*          Sajjad Kargili -
09891853369

*Cuttack*                * Orissa*                           Asghar -
09911437591

*Malot (muktsar)*     *Punjab*                          Harjeet Singh
- 09463236933

*Ratlam*           *      Madhya Pradesh*           Kamlesh Joshi - 09329539334

*Raipur*                 * Chattisgarh*             Maulana.Fazlur
Rehman - 9329115207

--

==================
National Alliance of Peoples' Movements (NAPM)
Mobile +91 9818 905316
email : napm.madhuresh@gmail.com | napmindia@gmail.com
Web : www.napm-india.org

Trapped Chilean Miners Denied Pay While Underground

        posted by: Beth Buczynski

The 33 men trapped 2,258 feet below ground in a Chilean mine recently found out that they would be receiving no pay from the company responsible for their ordeal.

Union official Evelyn Olmos stated that San Esteban, the company that operates the mine, has said it has no money to pay their wages and absorb lawsuits, and is not even participating in the rescue (Daily Mail).

San Esteban has a reputation for ignoring safety standards and creating thinly supported mining tunnels that some have referred to as "swiss cheese."

Family and friends of the Chilean miners feared that all 33 men had perished when the mine collapsed on August 5th, 2010, trapping them inside. Seventeen days later, rescue workers were astonished when they heard hammering coming from deep inside the mine.

A new probe was sent into the mine and a note was sent back which read, "All 33 of us are fine in the shelter," according to BBC News. Since then, small amounts of food have been delivered to the miners as they settle in for what could be a three month wait until engineers can clear a path to the chamber where they are.

For many, the early joy of finding the miners still alive has been clouded by the mining companies calloused refusal to compensate them for their suffering during this tragedy.

The miners' union has called on the government to pay the workers' wages starting in September, as well as giving help to the roughly 100 other people at the mine who are now out of work and 170 more who work elsewhere for San Esteban (Daily Mail).

Government representatives have responded by saying they are prohibited by labour laws from assuming responsibility for the salaries. For now, the issue will be left up to the mining company and the Chilean courts.

http://www.care2.com/causes/human-rights/blog/trapped-chilean-miners-docked-pay-while-undeground/

Saturday September 4, 04:11 AM

Source: Financial Express

Sebi for stricter norms to check mkt manipulation

The capital market regulator, Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi), is concerned about the usage of technologies for manipulating markets."Recent trends in the type of investigation cases undertaken by the regulator indicate that technology and newer methods are being used by the violators of securities law" mentions the recently released Sebi annual report 2009-10.
The regulator felt the need to strengthen the existing systems and procedures to prevent fraudsters from violating securities law through usage of technology.
Of the cases referred to the investigation department, there has been a significant increase in the number of cases with alleged front running over the last two years. There were in all 13 cases of front running referred to investigation department in the last two years.
The regulator had been asking fund houses to install recording facilities in dealing rooms and disallow traders from using their personal mobile phones to enforce discipline and prevent front running in mutual funds.
Few months back, the regulator unearthed a massive front running of trade involving an employee of HDFC AMC and three other clients who successfully executed trades ahead of the orders of the fund house.
As front running involves leakage of information from sources such as the institutional client desk or brokers/ traders handling such institutional orders, Sebi feels that a proper investigation into these cases should help put in place a system so that the possibility of such institutions becoming sources for leakage of trading information is reduced in the future.
As part of its concerted efforts to check such cases of front running, the regulator in a letter to mutual fund players in July 2010, has directed that all dealing records be preserved for a period of eight years. Further, Sebi has asked asset management companies to ensure that the terms of reference of review of internal auditors are submitted to the board of trustees. Moreover, the capital markets regulator wants that AMCs ensure that the recordings are checked periodically by designated executives.
Sebi has further highlighted the importance of an effective Customer Due Diligence (CDD) regime, a thorough in-person verification process and continuous monitoring of transactions by registered intermediaries to check instances of market manipulation. This is in view of couple of instances of market manipulation whereby large number of persons (or front entities) were found to be used for perpetrating unfair and fraudulent trade practices in the market.

Saturday September 4, 12:20 PM

*

Economic reforms in limbo as state polls near

*

Click to enlarge photo

By Sugita Katyal
NEW DELHI (Reuters) - Will government succeed in passing key pro-market bills that have been in limbo for years? Not in the near future, say analysts.
With state elections around the corner, the Congress-led government may have lost a political window to push through crucial economic reforms because of fears of a backlash to sensitive decisions from voters already reeling from high prices.
But while reforms may take longer to enact, the government is committed to making them happen, and investors, for now, are putting up with the slow pace to reap the dividends from a vast consumer market in Asia's third-biggest economy.
So far, the government's boldest pro-market move has been to ease state controls on fuel prices, but it has made little headway in opening up pension and insurance, or liberalising the retail and financial sectors because of opposition protests.
"The general consensus is that there is a lack of momentum on passing any of these bills except for nuclear liability ... because Congress party is not very clear on direction," Pratap Bhanu Mehta, president of the Centre for Policy Research, said.
A victory last year freed Prime Minister Manmohan Singh from his communist allies and raised hopes for reforms. But progress has been patchy as the government stumbled from crisis to crisis.
But even with this sluggish progress, India attracted nearly $35 billion in foreign direct investment in 2009, equivalent to 2.7 percent of its $1.29 trillion GDP.
China's FDI totalled $95 billion in that year, or 1.9 percent of its $4.9 trillion GDP.
As the current session of parliament nears its end on Aug. 31, the government has only pushed through legislation on opening up the $150-billion nuclear power market crucial for the entry of firms such as U.S.-based General Electric and Westinghouse Electric, a subsidiary of Japan's Toshiba Corp.
A bill to simplify archaic direct tax laws, a key piece of reform aimed at widening the tax net and increasing state revenues, may also be approved by parliament in this session.
But several other reform bills are unlikely to make it through with most of the session lost in the government defending itself against opposition attacks over issues like high prices.
High prices were blamed for the ruling party's poor showing in local elections in West Bengal. While inflation has since eased, food prices are still high, and party leaders will be wary of backing any measure that may further antagonise supporters.
LACK OF POLITICAL CONSENSUS
Among the moves that may be delayed due to a lack of consensus are India's most ambitious indirect tax reform, the proposed nationwide GST, and a proposed food security bill.
The GST proposal has been opposed by the Hindu-nationalist BJP and some states, who worry about the loss of their fiscal powers, and some analysts say this could delay the implementation of the reform beyond the targeted April 1, 2011.
Some reforms do not need legislation and can be pushed through an executive order, such as opening up the retail sector which is on hold because of opposition pressure.
The thorny issue of land acquisition for industrial purposes will also be on the backburner until the polls to avoid antagonising farmers protesting over low compensation.
The Congress-led government has a slim majority in the lower house, but not in the upper house. The coalition is also composed of several small parties often suspicious of reforms, making the passage of bills subject to torturous negotiations.
If not passed, the bills can be taken up in the winter session, around November, but the pending state polls from the end of the year could narrow the political window.
State elections begin around November in Bihar followed by polls in West Bengal and Kerala where the Congress party is trying to dislodge communist governments. There are six state elections over the next year.
SOME HEADWAY
The government, nonetheless, has made headway in some areas: it has pledged to sell stakes in some 60 state-run firms and formed an experts panel to ease foreign investment in the financial sector.
Despite setbacks and halting pace of reforms, accelerating growth, an expanding domestic consumer base and hopes for eventual liberalisation will keep foreign funds flowing in.
Asia's third-largest economy clocks the second-fastest rate of economic expansion among the major economies in the world and growth is set to accelerate.
But the government still needs to speed up the pace of reforms to deal with two of its biggest economic headaches: stubbornly high inflation and a massive fiscal deficit.
Headline inflation has been in double digits for several months though in July it eased to just below the 10 percent mark. The fiscal deficit was 6.9 percent of GDP in the last financial year and the government is aiming at 5.5 percent this year.
"The Indian National Congress-led governing coalition has a strong political mandate and appears to have enough dexterity to ensure the passage of key reforms," Moody's said in its latest credit analysis report on India.
"Parliamentary debate, state elections, and local issues may slow policy and reform implementation, but are unlikely to derail it," the investment analysts added.
(Additional reporting by Krittivas Mukherjee; Editing by Alistair Scrutton and Miral Fahmy)
(For more business news visit Reuters India)

Saturday September 4, 05:00 AM

Source: Indian Express Finance

Back-end logistics must for FDI in multi-brand retail

By Ronojoy Banerjee
The government has added an element of social benefit to its latest plan for calibrated opening of the multi-brand retail sector to foreign direct investment (FDI). Only those foreign retailers who first invest in the back-end supply chain and infrastructure would be allowed to set up multi-brand retail outlets in the country. The idea is that the firms must have already crated jobs for rural India before they venture into multi-brand retailing.
According to the department of industrial policy and promotion (DIPP) which has firmed up the plan, interested players will have to first set up cash-and-carry outlets, sourcing centres and the entire supply chain, before they enter retailing. These facilities would help source farm produce and other goods from rural centres and take them to the front-end.
If the plan is implemented, Metro of Germany and Wal-Mart of US will get an edge because they already have cash-and-carry outlets in India.
"The policy will be such that there will be a holistic approach comprising the value chain from bottom to the top in allowing FDI in multi-brand retail. We will ensure that retailers who want to enter India had already created jobs here," an official involved in the discussions told FE. Also, FDI limit in multi-brand retail would be below 51%, the cap for FDI in single-brand retail. This is to ensure that control remains with Indian investors.
Sources said domestic organised retail chains too were in favour of FDI limit in multi-brand retail not above 49%. In such a scenario, while foreign chains would get to enter the retail market, Indian retail chains which haven't fared well will get to own and control the venture while getting the technology transferred from the foreign counterparts.
"None of retail chains in the country have been able to make a significant impact. While smaller ones like Vishal Retail and Subhiksha have bombed, larger ones like Reliance Retail and AV Birla group too have gone cold. They too want to partner with successful foreign firms directly and learn in the process," a source explained.
The government has floated a consultation paper inviting comments from stakeholders regarding opening multi-brand retail to foreign investment. Some ministries have already favoured opening up the sector subject to certain safeguards. Currently, FDI is not allowed in multi-brand retail, while a cap of 51% exists in the case of single-brand retail. In cash-and-carry, 100% FDI is allowed.

Saturday September 4, 04:11 AM

Source: Financial Express

Haryana plans to make land acquisition policy effective

Haryana chief minister, Bhupinder Singh Hooda is all set to make Land Acquisition Policy of the state more effective to protect the interests of the farmers.
According to Deepender Singh Hooda, member of Parliament from Rohtak "the CM is of the view that the future generation of those farmers whose land is acquired for public purposes should also get benefit of the Land Acquisition Policy. The process of making improvement in the policy is on," he added.
He said the policy is the best one in the country as far as safeguarding of farmers' interests was concerned. The farmers of neighbouring state Uttar Pradesh are demanding to emulate Land Acquisition Policy in Uttar Pradesh on Haryana pattern. He said the new policy will be fully dedicated to the interest of the farmers. Being a member of a farmer family, he could well realise the difficulties being faced by the farmers, he said.

Errors and omissions accepted Indian Express - ‎Sep 2, 2010‎ GDP growth numbers have generally brought some cheer, especially in recent years, as the Indian economy withstood the global slowdown much better than most ... Encouraging but worrisome Hindustan Times - ‎Sep 2, 2010‎ It's that time of year when the collective back of the nation is patted for a good show on the economic front. A clear trend India posted a gross domestic ... Oops! India revises its GDP data Financial Times (blog) - Amy Kazmin - ‎Sep 2, 2010‎ India is known for its export of talented economists, software engineers, physicists, and others with a bent for numbers. ... Sheen wearing off Indian growth Asia Times Online - Kunal Kumar Kundu - ‎Sep 2, 2010‎ BANGALORE - India's 8.8% economic growth in the three months through June stands out like a beacon in a world clouded by pessimism. ... Is red-hot India too hot? TIME (blog) - Michael Schuman - ‎Sep 1, 2010‎ While most of the world is worried about the prospects of a double-dip recession, India is facing just the opposite problem – managing supercharged growth. ... GDP to be recalculated for inaccuracies, says Pranab Indian Express - ‎Sep 1, 2010‎ Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee on Wednesday said the estimates of 8.8 per cent GDP growth released on Tuesday would be revised if inaccuracies are found ... Downside to the upside Sify - ‎Sep 1, 2010‎ The 8.8 per cent growth in gross domestic product (GDP) in the first quarter of 2010-11 (that comes on the heels of 8.6 per cent in the last quarter of ... FM confident of economy growing by 9% in FY'12 Times of India - ‎Sep 1, 2010‎ MUMBAI: Finance minister Pranab Mukherjee on Wednesday said the first quarter economic growth of 8.8 per cent this fiscal is reassuring and exuded ... Govt to restate part of Q1 GDP may revise it at mkt prices Moneycontrol.com - ‎Sep 1, 2010‎ After questions were raised on the GDP numbers announced yesterday, the government is in damage control mode. It is likely to revise the GDP at market ... Economic growth nearing pre-crisis level: Pranab NDTV.com - ‎Sep 1, 2010‎ Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee said on Wednesday that the Indian economy is back on the path of strong growth and soon would be catching up the growth ... All 121 related articles »

Related Gross domestic product Economy of India Timeline of articles Number of sources covering this story Government corrects GDP error ‎Sep 2, 2010‎ - domain-B Heard on the Street: Cropped Out Of India's Economic Run ‎Aug 31, 2010‎ - Wall Street Journal Indian economy may grow by around 9% in 2010-11: India Inc ‎Aug 31, 2010‎ - Business Standard India`s economy grows 8.8 pct in June quarter: govt ‎Aug 30, 2010‎ - Moneycontrol.com Images Hindu Business ... Business Standa... The Hindu Daily News & An... AFP Financial Times... Reuters India Business Standa... AFP All related images »

1. Minority rule about to collide with booming economy ‎ The Australian (blog) - Michael Stutchbury - 1 day ago We are economically hitched to fast-growth developing China and India but ... The strong dollar further spreads the mining boom wealth by making it cheaper ...

2. Working in mines is getting safer: official ‎ Times of India - 21 Aug 2010 The major area of concern in the mining sector, Sibal said are the slow paced reforms in Indian mining sector and inability on part of Indian mining ...

3. Eco sensitive: Jairam has come at the right time for Congress ‎ Times of India - Nitin Sethi - 27 Aug 2010 A couple of days after Jairam shut down bauxite mining in Niyamgiri for Vedanta's ... and yet another set of people is thinking hard about forestry reforms. ...

4. Govt promises 26% mining profit share to tribals ‎ Financial Express - 16 Aug 2010 New Delhi: Tribals would be given 26% profit share if mining takes place in ... the mining belt in central India is determined to push through the reforms ... Centre plans overhaul of mining sector‎ - Sify all 121 news articles »

5. Industry warns against complacency amid growth ‎ SME Times - 3 days ago ... the growth rate in mining and construction has been modest. ... He also urged the government to focus on infrastructure and power sector reforms, ... Industry warns against complacency amid growth‎ - IndiaCompanyNews (press release) (blog) all 585 news articles »

   * MiamiHerald.com

6. Vedanta and its fallout ‎ Hindu Business Line - Rasheeda Bhagat - 4 days ago It said: "This committee is of the firm view that allowing mining in the proposed mining lease ... otherwise seen to be pushing ahead with economic reforms. ...

7. Coal supplies running on empty ‎ Livemint - Utpal Bhaskar - 18 Aug 2010 "The captive mining rules for coal, coupled with acute shortages, create unmet demand for coal." State-run Coal India Ltd (CIL), which has an 82% share of ...

8. Fairfax Market Report including: Firestone Diamonds, Medusa Mining ... ‎ Proactive Investors UK - 2 days ago UK – The IMF has warned that the UK should expect fiscal reforms and ... India – Similar to China, Auto sales in India enjoyed a good August defying the ...

9. Beware of the side-effects ‎ Hindustan Times - 12 Aug 2010 Western agencies chide India for lagging behind China in reforms. ... elements so as to create a peaceful environment for mining and industrialisation. ...

10. The Indian middle class has begun to care ‎ Hindustan Times - 28 Aug 2010 We believe that years of socialism set India back. We recognise that growth rates only shot up after the reforms of 1991. We are convinced that the road to ...

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* India Talkies IDBI Bank examines rights issue Business Standard - ‎58 minutes ago‎ Government-owned IDBI Bank is vetting options like a rights issue or a follow-on public offer (FPO) in the next 12-15 months. The bank would take a final call on the issue after its audited financial results for the whole year were assessed by March 31 ... IDBI Bank to raise $1 b The Hindu IDBI Bank to raise $1 bn in 12-15 months Business Standard Sify - Hindu Business Line - Equity Bulls all 13 news articles » BOM:500116Email this story Moneycontrol.com Déjà vu as India's Direct Tax Proposals enter Round 3 domain-B - ‎3 hours ago‎ After a year of intense debate and deliberation, the Direct Taxes Code (''DTC'') has finally been tabled before the Indian Parliament. Direct Tax Code a significant reform? Hindustan Times CBDT retains its powers in DTC Bill Business Standard Moneycontrol.com - Economic Times - Livemint - Hindu Business Line all 30 news articles »Email this story Concession agreement signed for Hyderabad Metro Times of India - ‎37 minutes ago‎ HYDERABAD: The concession agreement for the Rs.12132-crore Hyderabad Metro Rail (HMR) project was signed here on Saturday. Leading construction group Larsen & Toubro, which bagged the project in July this year, has formed a special purpose vehicle for ... 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4 Sep, 2010, 05.08AM IST, Raghav Chandra,

Issues in tribal governance

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Topics »tribes advisory council|tribal governance|constitution
The Fifth Schedule of our Constitution prescribes how to administer scheduled areas and scheduled tribes. There is a provision to set up a Tribes Advisory Council (TAC) and the governor has sweeping powers to make regulations for the peace and good governance of any scheduled area, prohibit the transfer of tribal land and regulate the business of money lenders. The governor may, after consulting the TAC, recommend to the President repealing or amendment of any law made by the Centre of the state as applicable to ascheduled area.

Another provision in Articles 243M envisages a special dispensation for scheduled tribes. Thereby, normal devolutions of Panchayati Raj brought about by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment are also held in abeyance for the scheduled areas, "Nothing in this Part shall apply to the scheduled areas."

While the 73rd Constitutional Amendment mandates elections to panchayats in five years, in the case of scheduled areas, it is envisaged that government will give due consideration to the special needs of the tribal areas and mandate a unique methodology for their development . "Parliament may, by law, extend the provisions of this Part to the scheduled areas and the tribal areas subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in such law..."

Such unique dispensation could mandate that no non-tribal can work in tribal areas, extract minerals or take away tribal land. As regards panchayats in the scheduled areas, eligibility for council membership and for heading a gram sabhacould be restricted to membership of a tribe, a tribal could be spared electoral disqualification for minor offences under laws relating to excise/forest, tribal local bodies could be vested with powers to validate relief and rehabilitation measures as well as to impose octroi/export tax/cess on mining royalties/minor forest produce and so on.

The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, better known as Pesa Act, was born in 1996 in this light. However , the fact that this Act has a tardy history of its application has something to do with its confusing name; the emphasis currently being on Panchayati Raj methodology and not on special provisions for scheduled areas.

As per the Fifth Schedule and Article 243M, the Centre could have deliberated and mandated minimum special treatment that it wanted to deliver to the tribal areas. For instance, to merely take the context of panchayats, does it perceive the need for elections in tribal areas or recommend local tribal councils?

Pesa could have been fashioned into a proactive instrument of national tribal policy, but it is only an enabling Act.

If a state chooses not to equip its laws suitably to safeguard tribal interests, Pesa is silent, as long as no provision is inconsistent with the low threshold hinted by it. Pesa requirements are reservation of 50% seats for tribes in panchayats, consultation with — not consent of — the gram sabha before land acquisition/grant of mining lease/permits over minor forest produce, etc.

*		*

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Gold

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This article is about the metal. For the color, see Gold (color). For other uses, see Gold (disambiguation).

platinum ← gold → mercury Ag ↑ Au ↓ Rg 79Au Periodic table
Appearance
metallic yellow
General properties
Name, symbol, number	gold, Au, 79
Pronunciation	/ˈɡoʊld/
Element category	transition metal
Group, period, block	11, 6, d
Standard atomic weight	196.966569(4) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 (Image)
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	19.30 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	17.31 g·cm−3
Melting point	1337.33 K, 1064.18 °C, 1947.52 °F
Boiling point	3129 K, 2856 °C, 5173 °F
Heat of fusion	12.55 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	324 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.418 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1646 1814 2021 2281 2620 3078
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	2.54 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 890.1 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1980 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	144 pm
Covalent radius	136±6 pm
Van der Waals radius	166 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	Lattice face centered cubic
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 22.14 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 318 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 14.2 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) 2030 m·s−1
Tensile strength	120 MPa
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Shear modulus	27 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.44
Mohs hardness	2.5
Vickers hardness	216 MPa
Brinell hardness	25 HB MPa
CAS registry number	7440-57-5
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of gold
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 195Au syn 186.10 d ε 0.227 195Pt 196Au syn 6.183 d ε 1.506 196Pt β− 0.686 196Hg 197Au 100% 197Au is stable with 118 neutrons 198Au syn 2.69517 d β− 1.372 198Hg 199Au syn 3.169 d β− 0.453 199Hg
v • d • e

Gold (pronounced /ˈɡoʊld/) is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from Latin: aurum, "shining dawn", hence adjective, aureate) and an atomic number of 79. It has been a highly sought-after precious metal for coinage, jewelry, and other arts since the beginning of recorded history. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile pure metal known. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Gold is one of the coinage metals and has served as a symbol of wealth and a store of value throughout history. Gold standards have provided a basis for monetary policies. It also has been linked to a variety of symbolisms and ideologies.

A total of 165,000 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, as of 2009.^[1] This is roughly equivalent to 5.3 billion troy ounces or, in terms of volume, about 8,500 cubic meters, or a 20.4m cube.

Although primarily used as a store of value, gold has many modern industrial uses including dentistry and electronics. Gold has traditionally found use because of its good resistance to oxidative corrosion and excellent quality as a conductor of electricity.

Chemically, gold is a transition metal and can form trivalent and univalent cations in solutions. Compared with other metals, pure gold is chemically least reactive, but it is attacked by aqua regia (a mixture of acids), forming chloroauric acid, but not by the individual acids, and by alkaline solutions of cyanide. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but does not react with it. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals. This property is exploited in the gold refining technique known as "inquartation and parting". Nitric acid has long been used to confirm the presence of gold in items, and this is the origin of the colloquial term "acid test", referring to a gold standard test for genuine value.

Contents [hide] 1 Characteristics 1.1 Color 1.2 Isotopes 2 Use and applications 2.1 Monetary exchange 2.2 Investment 2.3 Jewelry 2.4 Medicine 2.5 Food and drink 2.6 Industry 2.7 Electronics 2.8 Chemistry 3 History 4 Occurrence 4.1 Gallery of specimens of crystalline native gold 5 Production 6 Consumption 7 Chemistry 7.1 Less common oxidation states 7.2 Mixed valence compounds 8 Toxicity 9 Price 10 Symbolism 11 State emblem 12 See also 13 References 14 External links

Characteristics

Native gold nuggets

Gold nuggets found in Arizona

Gold is the most malleable and ductile of all metals; a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, or an ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become translucent. The transmitted light appears greenish blue, because gold strongly reflects yellow and red.^[2] Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect infrared light, making them useful as infrared (radiant heat) shields in visors of heat-resistant suits, and in sun-visors for spacesuits.^[3]

Gold readily creates alloys with many other metals. These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties, to control melting point or to create exotic colors (see below).^[4] Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity and reflects infrared radiation strongly. Chemically, it is unaffected by air, moisture and most corrosive reagents, and is therefore well suited for use in coins and jewelry and as a protective coating on other, more reactive, metals. However, it is not chemically inert.

Common oxidation states of gold include +1 (gold(I) or aurous compounds) and +3 (gold(III) or auric compounds). Gold ions in solution are readily reduced and precipitated out as gold metal by adding any other metal as the reducing agent. The added metal is oxidized and dissolves allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate.

High quality pure metallic gold is tasteless and scentless; in keeping with its resistance to corrosion (it is metal ions which confer taste to metals).^[5]

In addition, gold is very dense, a cubic meter weighing 19,300 kg. By comparison, the density of lead is 11,340 kg/m³, and that of the densest element, osmium, is 22,610 kg/m³.

Color

Different colors of Ag-Au-Cu alloys

Whereas most other pure metals are gray or silvery white, gold is yellow. This color is determined by the density of loosely bound (valence) electrons; those electrons oscillate as a collective "plasma" medium described in terms of a quasiparticle called plasmon. The frequency of these oscillations lies in the ultraviolet range for most metals, but it falls into the visible range for gold due to subtle relativistic effects that affect the orbitals around gold atoms.^[6][7] Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic cesium (see relativistic quantum chemistry).

Common colored gold alloys such as rose gold can be created by the addition of various amounts of copper and silver, as indicated in the triangular diagram to the left. Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Less commonly, addition of manganese, aluminium, iron, indium and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications.^[4]

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of gold

Gold has only one stable isotope, ¹⁹⁷Au, which is also its only naturally occurring isotope. Thirty six radioisotopes have been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 169 to 205. The most stable of these is ¹⁹⁵Au with a half-life of 186.1 days. ¹⁹⁵Au is also the only gold isotope to decay by electron capture. The least stable is ¹⁷¹Au, which decays by proton emission with a half-life of 30 µs. Most of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of proton emission, α decay, and β+ decay. The exceptions are ¹⁹⁵Au, which decays by electron capture, and ¹⁹⁶Au, which has a minor β- decay path. All of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β- decay.^[8]

At least 32 nuclear isomers have also been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200. Within that range, only ¹⁷⁸Au, ¹⁸⁰Au, ¹⁸¹Au, ¹⁸²Au, and ¹⁸⁸Au do not have isomers. Gold's most stable isomer is ^198 m2Au with a half-life of 2.27 days. Gold's least stable isomer is ^177 m2Au with a half-life of only 7 ns. ^184 m1Au has three decay paths: β+ decay, isomeric transition, and alpha decay. No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths.^[8]

Use and applications

Monetary exchange

Gold has been widely used throughout the world as a vehicle for monetary exchange, either by issuance and recognition of gold coins or other bare metal quantities, or through gold-convertible paper instruments by establishing gold standards in which the total value of issued money is represented in a store of gold reserves.

However, the amount of gold in the world is finite and production has not grown in relation to the world's economies. Today, gold mining output is declining.^[9] With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold were no longer sustained. At the beginning of World War I the warring nations moved to a fractional gold standard, inflating their currencies to finance the war effort. After World War II gold was replaced by a system of convertible currency following the Bretton Woods system. Gold standards and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments, being replaced by fiat currency in their stead. Switzerland was the last country to tie its currency to gold; it backed 40% of its value until the Swiss joined the International Monetary Fund in 1999.^[10]

Pure gold is too soft for day-to-day monetary use and is typically hardened by alloying with copper, silver or other base metals. The gold content of alloys is measured in carats (k). Pure gold is designated as 24k. Gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown gold, for hardness.

Investment

Main article: Gold as an investment

Many holders of gold store it in form of bullion coins or bars as a hedge against inflation or other economic disruptions. However, some economists do not believe gold serves as a hedge against inflation or currency depreciation.^[11]

The ISO 4217 currency code of gold is XAU.

Modern bullion coins for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine gold at 24k, although the American Gold Eagle, the British gold sovereign, and the South African Krugerrand continue to be minted in 22k metal in historical tradition. The special issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity gold of any bullion coin, at 99.999% or 0.99999, while the popular issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99%. Several other 99.99% pure gold coins are available. In 2006, the United States Mint began production of the American Buffalo gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99%. The Australian Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the Australian Gold Nugget but changed the reverse design in 1989. Other popular modern coins include the Austrian Vienna Philharmonic bullion coin and the Chinese Gold Panda.

Jewelry

Main article: Jewellery

Moche gold necklace depicting feline heads. Larco Museum Collection. Lima-Peru

Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is usually alloyed with base metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties. Alloys with lower caratage, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper, or other base metals or silver or palladium in the alloy. Copper is the most commonly used base metal, yielding a redder color. Eighteen-carat gold containing 25% copper is found in antique and Russian jewelry and has a distinct, though not dominant, copper cast, creating rose gold. Fourteen-carat gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys, and both may be used to produce police, as well as other, badges. Blue gold can be made by alloying with iron and purple gold can be made by alloying with aluminium, although rarely done except in specialized jewelry. Blue gold is more brittle and therefore more difficult to work with when making jewelry. Fourteen and eighteen carat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as green gold. White gold alloys can be made with palladium or nickel. White 18-carat gold containing 17.3% nickel, 5.5% zinc and 2.2% copper is silvery in appearance. Nickel is toxic, however, and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe. Alternative white gold alloys are available based on palladium, silver and other white metals,^[12] but the palladium alloys are more expensive than those using nickel. High-carat white gold alloys are far more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver. The Japanese craft of Mokume-gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects.

Medicine

In medieval times, gold was often seen as beneficial for the health, in the belief that something that rare and beautiful could not be anything but healthy. Even some modern esotericists and forms of alternative medicine assign metallic gold a healing power.^[13] Some gold salts do have anti-inflammatory properties and are used as pharmaceuticals in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions.^[14] However, only salts and radioisotopes of gold are of pharmacological value, as elemental (metallic) gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters inside the body. In modern times, injectable gold has been proven to help to reduce the pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis.^[14][15]

Gold alloys are used in restorative dentistry, especially in tooth restorations, such as crowns and permanent bridges. The gold alloys' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns. The use of gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others.

Colloidal gold preparations (suspensions of gold nanoparticles) in water are intensely red-colored, and can be made with tightly controlled particle sizes up to a few tens of nanometers across by reduction of gold chloride with citrate or ascorbate ions. Colloidal gold is used in research applications in medicine, biology and materials science. The technique of immunogold labeling exploits the ability of the gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces. Colloidal gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells.^[16] In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by electron microscopy, the immunogold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the antigen.^[17] Colloidal gold is also the form of gold used as gold paint on ceramics prior to firing.

Gold, or alloys of gold and palladium, are applied as conductive coating to biological specimens and other non-conducting materials such as plastics and glass to be viewed in a scanning electron microscope. The coating, which is usually applied by sputtering with an argon plasma, has a triple role in this application. Gold's very high electrical conductivity drains electrical charge to earth, and its very high density provides stopping power for electrons in the electron beam, helping to limit the depth to which the electron beam penetrates the specimen. This improves definition of the position and topography of the specimen surface and increases the spatial resolution of the image. Gold also produces a high output of secondary electrons when irradiated by an electron beam, and these low-energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope.^[18]

The isotope gold-198, (half-life 2.7 days) is used in some cancer treatments and for treating other diseases.^[19]

Food and drink

• Gold can be used in food and has the E number 175.^[20]
• Gold leaf, flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods, notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient.^[21] Gold flake was used by the nobility in Medieval Europe as a decoration in food and drinks, in the form of leaf, flakes or dust, either to demonstrate the host's wealth or in the belief that something that valuable and rare must be beneficial for one's health. Gold foil along with silver is sometimes used in South Asian sweets such as barfi.^[22]
• Danziger Goldwasser (German: Gold water of Danzig) or Goldwasser (English: Goldwater) is a traditional German herbal liqueur^[23] produced in what is today Gdańsk, Poland, and Schwabach, Germany, and contains flakes of gold leaf. There are also some expensive (~$1000) cocktails which contain flakes of gold leaf.^[24] However, since metallic gold is inert to all body chemistry, it adds no taste nor has it any other nutritional effect and leaves the body unaltered.^[25]

Industry

The 220 kg gold brick displayed in Chinkuashi Gold Museum, Taiwan, Republic of China

The world's largest gold bar weighs 250 kg. Toi museum, Japan.

A gold nugget of 5 mm in diameter (bottom) can be expanded through hammering into a gold foil of about 0.5 square meter. Toi museum, Japan.

• Gold solder is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or brazing. If the work is to be of hallmarking quality, gold solder must match the carat weight of the work, and alloy formulas are manufactured in most industry-standard carat weights to color match yellow and white gold. Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting-point ranges referred to as Easy, Medium and Hard. By using the hard, high-melting point solder first, followed by solders with progressively lower melting points, goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints.
• Gold can be made into thread and used in embroidery.
• Gold is ductile and malleable, meaning it can be drawn into very thin wire and can be beaten into very thin sheets known as gold leaf.
• Gold produces a deep, intense red color when used as a coloring agent in cranberry glass.
• In photography, gold toners are used to shift the color of silver bromide black and white prints towards brown or blue tones, or to increase their stability. Used on sepia-toned prints, gold toners produce red tones. Kodak published formulas for several types of gold toners, which use gold as the chloride.^[26]
• As gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light as well as radio waves, it is used for the protective coatings on many artificial satellites, in infrared protective faceplates in thermal protection suits and astronauts' helmets and in electronic warfare planes like the EA-6B Prowler.
• Gold is used as the reflective layer on some high-end CDs.
• Automobiles may use gold for heat dissipation. McLaren uses gold foil in the engine compartment of its F1 model.^[27]
• Gold can be manufactured so thin that it appears transparent. It is used in some aircraft cockpit windows for de-icing or anti-icing by passing electricity through it. The heat produced by the resistance of the gold is enough to deter ice from forming.^[28]

Electronics

The concentration of free electrons in gold metal is 5.90×10²² cm⁻³. Gold is highly conductive to electricity, and has been used for electrical wiring in some high-energy applications (only silver and copper are more conductive per volume, but gold has the advantage of corrosion resistance). For example, gold electrical wires were used during some of the Manhattan Project's atomic experiments, but large high current silver wires were used in the calutron isotope separator magnets in the project.

Though gold is attacked by free chlorine, its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments (including resistance to non-chlorinated acids) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin layer coating electrical connectors of all kinds, thereby ensuring good connection. For example, gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables, such as audio, video and USB cables. The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as tin in these applications is highly debated. Gold connectors are often criticized by audio-visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy. However, the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres, and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost (certain computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet aircraft engines) remains very common.^[29]

Besides sliding electrical contacts, gold is also used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, ductility and lack of toxicity.^[30] Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts. Fine gold wires are used to connect semiconductor devices to their packages through a process known as wire bonding.

Chemistry

Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium cyanide, and gold cyanide is the electrolyte used in commercial electroplating of gold onto base metals and electroforming. Gold chloride (chloroauric acid) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with citrate or ascorbate ions. Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make highly valued cranberry or red-colored glass, which, like colloidal gold suspensions, contains evenly sized spherical gold nanoparticles.^[31]

History

The Turin Papyrus Map

Funerary mask of Tutankhamun

Jason returns with the golden fleece on an Apulian red-figure calyx krater, ca. 340–330 BC.

Gold has been known and used by artisans since the Chalcolithic. Gold artifacts in the Balkans appear from the 4th millennium BC, such as that found in the Varna Necropolis. Gold artifacts such as the golden hats and the Nebra disk appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age.

Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which king Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was "more plentiful than dirt" in Egypt.^[32] Egypt and especially Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas for much of history. The earliest known map is known as the Turin Papyrus Map and shows the plan of a gold mine in Nubia together with indications of the local geology. The primitive working methods are described by both Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, and included fire-setting. Large mines were also present across the Red Sea in what is now Saudi Arabia.

The legend of the golden fleece may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from placer deposits in the ancient world. Gold is mentioned frequently in the Old Testament, starting with Genesis 2:11 (at Havilah) and is included with the gifts of the magi in the first chapters of Matthew New Testament. The Book of Revelation 21:21 describes the city of New Jerusalem as having streets "made of pure gold, clear as crystal". The south-east corner of the Black Sea was famed for its gold. Exploitation is said to date from the time of Midas, and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in Lydia around 610 BC.^[33] From the 6th or 5th century BC, the Chu (state) circulated the Ying Yuan, one kind of square gold coin.

In Roman metallurgy, new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing hydraulic mining methods, especially in Hispania from 25 BC onwards and in Dacia from 150 AD onwards. One of their largest mines was at Las Medulas in León (Spain), where seven long aqueducts enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit. The mines at Roşia Montană in Transylvania were also very large, and until very recently, still mined by opencast methods. They also exploited smaller deposits in Britain, such as placer and hard-rock deposits at Dolaucothi. The various methods they used are well described by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia written towards the end of the first century AD.

The Mali Empire in Africa was famed throughout the old world for its large amounts of gold. Mansa Musa, ruler of the empire (1312–1337) became famous throughout the old world for his great hajj to Mecca in 1324. When he passed through Cairo in July 1324, he was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels. He gave away so much gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade.^[34] A contemporary Arab historian remarked:

"	Gold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year. The mithqal did not go below 25 dirhams and was generally above, but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now. The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less. This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there [...]	"
—Chihab Al-Umari[35]

The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by Native American peoples, especially in Central America, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. The Aztecs regarded gold as literally the product of the gods, calling it "god excrement" (teocuitlatl in Nahuatl).^[36]

Although the price of some platinum group metals can be much higher, gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals, and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies (known as the gold standard) in history. Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties. Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was made fun of by Thomas More in his treatise Utopia. On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware and lavatory-seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party.

There is an age-old tradition of biting gold to test its authenticity. Although this is certainly not a professional way of examining gold, the bite test should score the gold because gold is a soft metal, as indicated by its score on the Mohs' scale of mineral hardness. The purer the gold the easier it should be to mark it. Painted lead can cheat this test because lead is softer than gold (and may invite a small risk of lead poisoning if sufficient lead is absorbed by the biting).

Gold in antiquity was relatively easy to obtain geologically; however, 75% of all gold ever produced has been extracted since 1910.^[37] It has been estimated that all gold ever refined would form a single cube 20 m (66 ft) on a side (equivalent to 8000 m³).^[37]

One main goal of the alchemists was to produce gold from other substances, such as lead — presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the philosopher's stone. Although they never succeeded in this attempt, the alchemists promoted an interest in what can be done with substances, and this laid a foundation for today's chemistry. Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center (☉), which was also the astrological symbol and the ancient Chinese character for the Sun. For modern creation of artificial gold by neutron capture, see gold synthesis.

During the 19th century, gold rushes occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered. The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the Reed Gold Mine near Georgeville, North Carolina in 1803.^[38] The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega.^[39] Further gold rushes occurred in California, Colorado, the Black Hills, Otago, Australia, Witwatersrand, and the Klondike.

Because of its historically high value, much of the gold mined throughout history is still in circulation in one form or another.

Occurrence

This 156-ounce (4.85 kg) nugget was found by an individual prospector in the Southern California Desert using a metal detector.

Gold's atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher atomic number elements which occur naturally. Like all elements with atomic numbers larger than iron, gold is thought to have been formed from a supernova nucleosynthesis process. Their explosions scattered metal-containing dusts (including heavy elements like gold) into the region of space in which they later condensed into our solar system and the Earth.^[40]

On Earth, whenever elemental gold occurs, it appears most often as a metal solid solution of gold with silver, i.e. a gold silver alloy. Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. Electrum is elemental gold with more than 20% silver. Electrum's color runs from golden-silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content. The more silver, the lower the specific gravity.

Relative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore, and the 30 g of gold that can be extracted from it. Toi gold mine, Japan.

Gold left behind after a pyrite cube was oxidized to hematite. Note cubic shape of cavity.

Gold is found in ores made up of rock with very small or microscopic particles of gold. This gold ore is often found together with quartz or sulfide minerals such as Fool's Gold, which is a pyrite.^[41] These are called lode deposits. Native gold is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger nuggets that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits (called placer deposits). Such free gold is always richer at the surface of gold-bearing veins owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering, and washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets.

Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite, krennerite, nagyagite, petzite and sylvanite, and as the rare bismuthide maldonite (Au₂Bi) and antimonide aurostibite (AuSb₂). Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper, lead, and mercury: the minerals auricupride (Cu₃Au), novodneprite (AuPb₃) and weishanite ((Au, Ag)₃Hg₂).

Recent research suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits.^[42]

The world's oceans contain gold. Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50–150 fmol/L or 10-30 parts per quadrillion. In general, Au concentrations for Atlantic and Pacific samples are the same (~50 fmol/L) but less certain. Mediterranean deep waters contain higher concentrations of Au (100–150 fmol/L) attributed to wind-blown dust and/or rivers. At 10 parts per quadrillion the Earth's oceans would hold 15,000 tons of gold^[43]. These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988, indicating contamination problems with the earlier data.

A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from sea water, but so far they have all been either mistaken or crooks. A so-called reverend, Prescott Jernegan ran a gold-from-seawater swindle in the United States in the 1890s. A British fraudster ran the same scam in England in the early 1900s.^[44] Fritz Haber (the German inventor of the Haber process) did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany's reparations following World War I.^[45] Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater a commercially successful extraction seemed possible. After analysis of 4000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb it became clear that the extraction would not be possible and he stopped the project.^[46] No commercially viable mechanism for performing gold extraction from sea water has yet been identified. Gold synthesis is not economically viable and is unlikely to become so in the foreseeable future

Gallery of specimens of crystalline native gold

"Rope gold" from Lena River, Sakha Republic, Russia. Size: 2.5×1.2×0.7 cm.

Crystalline gold from Mina Zapata, Santa Elena de Uairen, Venezuela. Size: 3.7×1.1×0.4 cm.

Gold leaf from Harvard Mine, Jamestown, California, USA. Size 9.3×3.2× >0.1 cm.

Production

Main articles: Gold prospecting, Gold mining, and Gold extraction

World gold production trend

Gold output in 2005

The entrance to an underground gold mine in Victoria, Australia

Pure gold precipitate produced by the aqua regia refining process

Gold extraction is most economical in large, easily mined deposits. Ore grades as little as 0.5 mg/kg (0.5 parts per million, ppm) can be economical. Typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 mg/kg (1–5 ppm); ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 mg/kg (3 ppm). Because ore grades of 30 mg/kg (30 ppm) are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, in most gold mines the gold is invisible.

Since the 1880s, South Africa has been the source for a large proportion of the world's gold supply, with about 50% of all gold ever produced having come from South Africa. Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, producing about 1,480 tonnes. 2008 production was 2,260 tonnes. In 2007 China (with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa has not been the largest.^[47]

The city of Johannesburg located in South Africa was founded as a result of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest gold deposits the world has ever seen. Gold fields located within the basin in the Free State and Gauteng provinces are extensive in strike and dip requiring some of the world's deepest mines, with the Savuka and TauTona mines being currently the world's deepest gold mine at 3,777 m. The Second Boer War of 1899–1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa.

Other major producers are the United States, Australia, Russia and Peru. Mines in South Dakota and Nevada supply two-thirds of gold used in the United States. In South America, the controversial project Pascua Lama aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of Atacama Desert, at the border between Chile and Argentina. Today about one-quarter of the world gold output is estimated to originate from artisanal or small scale mining.^[48]

After initial production, gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process which is based on electrolysis or by the Miller process, that is chlorination in the melt. The Wohlwill process results in higher purity, but is more complex and is only applied in small-scale installations.^[49][50] Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as cupellation, or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia.^[51]

At the end of 2009, it was estimated that all the gold ever mined totaled 165,000 tonnes^[52] This can be represented by a cube with an edge length of about 20.28 meters. The value of this is very limited; at $1200 per ounce, 165,000 tons of gold would have a value of only 6.6 trillion dollars.

The average gold mining and extraction costs were about US$317/oz in 2007, but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes.^[53]

Gold is so stable and so valuable that it is always recovered and recycled. There is no true consumption of gold in the economic sense; the stock of gold remains essentially constant while ownership shifts from one party to another.^[54]

Consumption

India is the world's largest consumer of gold, as Indians buy about 25% of the world's gold,^[55] purchasing approximately 800 tonnes of gold every year. India is also the largest importer of the yellow metal; in 2008, India imported around 400 tonnes of gold.^[56]

Chemistry

Although gold is a noble metal, it forms many and diverse compounds. The oxidation state of gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry. Au(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with soft ligands such as thioethers, thiolates, and tertiary phosphines. Au(I) compounds are typically linear. A good example is Au(CN)₂⁻, which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining. Curiously, aurous complexes of water are rare. The binary gold halides, such as AuCl, form zigzag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au. Most drugs based on gold are Au(I) derivatives.^[57]

Au(III) (auric) is a common oxidation state and is illustrated by gold(III) chloride, AuCl₃. Au(III) complexes, like other d⁸ compounds, are typically square planar.

Aqua regia, a 1:3 mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, dissolves gold. Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to +3 ions, but only in minute amounts, typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction. However, the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid, forming AuCl₄⁻ ions, or chloroauric acid, thereby enabling further oxidation.

Some free halogens react with gold.^[58] Gold also reacts in alkaline solutions of potassium cyanide. With mercury, it forms an amalgam.

Less common oxidation states

Less common oxidation states of gold include −1, +2, and +5.

The −1 oxidation state occurs in compounds containing the Au⁻ anion, called aurides. Caesium auride (CsAu), for example, crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif.^[59] Other aurides include those of Rb⁺, K⁺, and tetramethylammonium (CH₃)₄N⁺.^[60]

Gold(II) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au–Au bonds such as [Au(CH₂)₂P(C₆H₅)₂]₂Cl₂. The evaporation of a solution of Au(OH)₃ in concentrated H₂SO₄ produces red crystals of gold(II) sulfate, AuSO₄. Originally thought to be a mixed-valence compound, it has been shown to contain Au4+2 cations.^[61][62] A noteworthy, legitimate gold(II) complex is the tetraxenonogold(II) cation, which contains xenon as a ligand, found in [AuXe₄](Sb₂F₁₁)₂.^[63]

Gold pentafluoride and its derivative anion, AuF−6, is the sole example of gold(V), the highest verified oxidation state.^[64]

Some gold compounds exhibit aurophilic bonding, which describes the tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au–Au bond but shorter that van der Waals bonding. The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a hydrogen bond.

Mixed valence compounds

Well-defined cluster compounds are numerous.^[60] In such cases, gold has a fractional oxidation state. A representative example is the octahedral species {Au(P(C₆H₅)₃)}₆²⁺. Gold chalcogenides, such as gold sulfide, feature equal amounts of Au(I) and Au(III).

Toxicity

Pure metallic (elemental) gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested^[65] and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of gold leaf. Metallic gold is also a component of the alcoholic drinks Goldschläger, Gold Strike, and Goldwasser. Metallic gold is approved as a food additive in the EU (E175 in the Codex Alimentarius). Although gold ion is toxic, the acceptance of metallic gold as a food additive is due to its relative chemical inertness, and resistance to being corroded or transformed into soluble salts (gold compounds) by any known chemical process which would be encountered in the human body.

Soluble compounds (gold salts) such as gold chloride are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Common cyanide salts of gold such as potassium gold cyanide, used in gold electroplating, are toxic both by virtue of their cyanide and gold content. There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from potassium gold cyanide.^[66][67] Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with chelation therapy with an agent such as Dimercaprol.

Gold metal was voted Allergen of the Year in 2001 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Gold contact allergies affect mostly women.^[68] Despite this, gold is a relatively non-potent contact allergen, in comparison with metals like nickel.^[69]

Price

Gold price per troy ounce in USD since 1960, in nominal US$ and inflation adjusted in 2009 US$.

Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy weight and by grams. When it is alloyed with other metals the term carat or karat is used to indicate the amount of gold present, with 24 carats being pure gold and lower ratings proportionally less. The purity of a gold bar or coin can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1, known as the millesimal fineness, such as 0.995 being very pure.

The price of gold is determined through trading in the gold and derivatives markets, but a procedure known as the Gold Fixing in London, originating in September 1919, provides a daily benchmark price to the industry. The afternoon fixing was introduced in 1968 to provide a price when US markets are open.

Historically gold coinage was widely used as currency; when paper money was introduced, it typically was a receipt redeemable for gold coin or bullion. In an economic system known as the gold standard, a certain weight of gold was given the name of a unit of currency. For a long period, the United States government set the value of the US dollar so that one troy ounce was equal to $20.67 ($664.56/kg), but in 1934 the dollar was devalued to $35.00 per troy ounce ($1125.27/kg). By 1961, it was becoming hard to maintain this price, and a pool of US and European banks agreed to manipulate the market to prevent further currency devaluation against increased gold demand.

Swiss-cast 1 kg gold bar

On March 17, 1968, economic circumstances caused the collapse of the gold pool, and a two-tiered pricing scheme was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00 per troy ounce ($1.13/g) but the price of gold on the private market was allowed to fluctuate; this two-tiered pricing system was abandoned in 1975 when the price of gold was left to find its free-market level. Central banks still hold historical gold reserves as a store of value although the level has generally been declining. The largest gold depository in the world is that of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank in New York, which holds about 3%^{[citation needed]} of the gold ever mined, as does the similarly laden U.S. Bullion Depository at Fort Knox.

In 2005 the World Gold Council estimated total global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes, giving a surplus of 105 tonnes.^[70]

Since 1968 the price of gold has ranged widely, from a high of $850/oz ($27,300/kg) on January 21, 1980, to a low of $252.90/oz ($8,131/kg) on June 21, 1999 (London Gold Fixing).^[71] The period from 1999 to 2001 marked the "Brown Bottom" after a 20-year bear market.^[72] Prices increased rapidly from 1991, but the 1980 high was not exceeded until January 3, 2008 when a new maximum of $865.35 per troy ounce was set (a.m. London Gold Fixing).^[73] Another record price was set on March 17, 2008 at $1023.50/oz ($32,900/kg)(am. London Gold Fixing).^[73] In the fall of 2009, gold markets experienced renewed momentum upwards due to increased demand and a weakening US dollar. On December 2, 2009, Gold passed the important barrier of US$1200 per ounce to close at $1215.^[74] Gold further rallied hitting new highs in May of 2010 after the European Union debt crisis prompted further purchase of gold as a safe asset.^[75][76]

Since April 2001 the gold price has more than tripled in value against the US dollar,^[77] prompting speculation that this long secular bear market has ended and a bull market has returned.^[78]

Symbolism

Gold bars at the Emperor Casino in Macau

Gold has been highly valued in many societies throughout the ages. In keeping with this it has often had a strongly positive symbolic meaning closely connected to the values held in the highest esteem in the society in question. Gold may symbolize power, strength, wealth, warmth, happiness, love, hope, optimism, intelligence, justice, balance, perfection, summer, harvest and the sun.

Great human achievements are frequently rewarded with gold, in the form of gold medals, golden trophies and other decorations. Winners of athletic events and other graded competitions are usually awarded a gold medal (e.g., the Olympic Games). Many awards such as the Nobel Prize are made from gold as well. Other award statues and prizes are depicted in gold or are gold plated (such as the Academy Awards, the Golden Globe Awards, the Emmy Awards, the Palme d'Or, and the British Academy Film Awards).

Aristotle in his ethics used gold symbolism when referring to what is now commonly known as the "golden mean". Similarly, gold is associated with perfect or divine principles, such as in the case of Phi, which is sometimes called the "golden ratio".

Gold represents great value. Respected people are treated with the most valued rule, the "golden rule". A company may give its most valued customers "gold cards" or make them "gold members". We value moments of peace and therefore we say: "silence is golden". In Greek mythology there was the "golden fleece".

Gold is further associated with the wisdom of aging and fruition. The fiftieth wedding anniversary is golden. Our precious latter years are sometimes considered "golden years". The height of a civilization is referred to as a "golden age".

In Christianity gold has sometimes been associated with the extremities of utmost evil and the greatest sanctity. In the Book of Exodus, the Golden Calf is a symbol of idolatry. In the Book of Genesis, Abraham was said to be rich in gold and silver, and Moses was instructed to cover the Mercy Seat of the Ark of the Covenant with pure gold. In Christian art the halos of Christ, Mary and the Christian saints are golden.

Medieval kings were inaugurated under the signs of sacred oil and a golden crown, the latter symbolizing the eternal shining light of heaven and thus a Christian king's divinely inspired authority. Wedding rings have long been made of gold. It is long lasting and unaffected by the passage of time and may aid in the ring symbolism of eternal vows before God and/or the sun and moon and the perfection the marriage signifies. In Orthodox Christianity, the wedded couple is adorned with a golden crown during the ceremony, an amalgamation of symbolic rites.

In popular culture gold holds many connotations but is most generally connected to terms such as good or great, such as in the phrases: "has a heart of gold", "that's golden!", "golden moment", "then you're golden!" and "golden boy". Gold also still holds its place as a symbol of wealth and through that, in many societies, success.

State emblem

In 1965, the California Legislature designated gold "the State Mineral and mineralogical emblem."^[79]

In 1968, the Alaska Legislature named gold "the official state mineral."^[80]

See also

• Altai Mountains
• ChipGold
• Commodity fetishism (Marxist economic theory)
• Digital gold currency
• Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee
• Gold bubble
• Gold fingerprinting
• Gold Prospectors Association of America
• Mining in Roman Britain
• Prospecting
• Roman engineering
• Tumbaga

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gold

Look up gold in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Getting Gold 1898 book, www.lateralscience.co.uk
• Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold, www.epa.gov
• Picture in the Element collection from Heinrich Pniok, www.pniok.de
• WebElements.com — Gold n www.webelements.com
• Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3) from the Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World: Gold www.rsc.org

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[hide] v • d • e  Periodic table
H																															He
Li	Be																									B	C	N	O	F	Ne
Na	Mg																									Al	Si	P	S	Cl	Ar
K	Ca															Sc	Ti	V	Cr	Mn	Fe	Co	Ni	Cu	Zn	Ga	Ge	As	Se	Br	Kr
Rb	Sr															Y	Zr	Nb	Mo	Tc	Ru	Rh	Pd	Ag	Cd	In	Sn	Sb	Te	I	Xe
Cs	Ba	La	Ce	Pr	Nd	Pm	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu	Hf	Ta	W	Re	Os	Ir	Pt	Au	Hg	Tl	Pb	Bi	Po	At	Rn
Fr	Ra	Ac	Th	Pa	U	Np	Pu	Am	Cm	Bk	Cf	Es	Fm	Md	No	Lr	Rf	Db	Sg	Bh	Hs	Mt	Ds	Rg	Cn	Uut	Uuq	Uup	Uuh	Uus	Uuo
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