Thus, even after Death, caste Discrimination is the theme song sustained at the Home of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in District Hugli of West Bengal under progressive secular Marxist rule!
Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time - THREE HUNDRED Forty THREE
Palash Biswas
http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/
Untouchability in India
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Dalit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dalits or untouchables are still considered outcasts in India and remain impoverished, discriminated against and segregated.
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Adi Shankara - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Adi Guru Shri Gaudapadacharya, the grand guru of Shri Shankaracharya .... Each of the heads of these four mathas takes the title of Shankaracharya ("the ...
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Shankar Acharya: Rupee rises despite higher deficits!
14 Apr 2010 ... Last week, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) published the balance of payments (BOP) data for the October-December quarter of 2009.
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Adi Shankaracharya (Adi Shankara) was a great spiritual leader. Know his teachings and life history in this biography of Sri Sankaracharya.
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Bengal Renaissance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Stampede at Haridwar Mahakumbh, Seven dead
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A united Opposition in Parliament on Thursday slammed Union Home Minister P Chidambaram over the Dantewada massacre that saw the Maoists massacring 75 CRPF jawans and a policeman on April 6.
Millions of Hindus Converge on Ganges for Kumbh Mela 2010 as Hindu pilgrims amass on the banks of the river Ganges to bathe during the Kumbh Mela!A debate on fighting Maoist rebels dominated the reopening of parliament on Thursday, possibly heralding a difficult session for the government as it seeks to pass the budget and other reform bills.Senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader and former Union Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha on Thursday said the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) was divided and lacking will to fight the Maoists menace.The Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) in the Rajya Sabha Thursday trained its guns on railway minister and Trinamool Congress leader Mamta Banerjee during a debate on the Dantewada massacre, demanding that the government should not speak in contrarian voices.Home Minister P. Chidambaram Thursday said states have the primary responsibility of combating the Maoists with a policy of development and calibrated police action.
Racial UNTOUCHAIBLITY Most Inhuman and Barbaric is the Legacy of Caste Hindu Capitalist Colonial Renaissance as Naga Sadhus Showcase the Annihilation of BUDDHIST with the Stampede in Haridwar Kumbha!The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Thursday called for 'a united fight to defeat Maoists' but accused the Congress of forging an alliance with the Leftist guerrillas for electoral gains - an allegation that triggered ugly scenes and disruptions in the Lok Sabha.In an initiative aimed at ensuring timely and responsive justice, Delhi Government today launched a 'mediation and conciliation' service through which people will be able to resolve their disputes without going to court.
Scores of people today protested against the proposed provisions of the Food Security Bill demanding that the Government should not restrict itself to providing 25 kg as against the Supreme Court's directive of 35 kg per household.Food Security Bill is targeted for Social Engineering with sustenance of Manusmriti Rule as well as Ensured Food Insecurity above Poverty Line. While only 230 million of the 770 million have to be entitled for Food and others, above BPL, the APL Masses have to buy food on inflated rates as Money is valued by the Marketing forces on the principle of Demand and supply which excludes majority of SC, ST, OBC and minority Communities from the Lifeline of Supply Chain captured by LPG mafia as economic ethnic Cleansing continues on Full Pace with Parliamentary endorsement of Military Option with Zero Intolerance to eliminate Aboriginal India in unprecedented Structural Violence to defend the Brahamincal Zionist interests!
The Government of India run by Extra Constitutional Immoral Impostors Anti national provokes Eurasian Ethonanationalism DNA Genome theory based as the foreign origin Eurasian Brahamins have launched another Shudrayan to sustain Manusmriti Rule! The India Incs government of India is led and inspired by US War Economy. NASA and Pentagon linked space Programme eats major chunk of Indian Revenue in absence of Fiscal Policy to protect the Ruling Class and taxation is loaded against the excluded Black Untouchables since Globalisation with Foreign capital Inflow, deficit Budget and Borrowing Economy already working from 15th august 1947. Second Green Revolution is a soft name for the Privatisation of Agriculture to capture all resources for the MNCs and India Incs for which Chettiar Chidambaram has launched Corporate war Operation Green Hunt against Aboriginal India and Nandan Nilekani heads the Unique Identity Authority of India to deprive the Aboriginal India of Citizenship so that Displacement Deportation Fire Incidents and Exodus would accelerate the Pace of Indiscriminate Land Acquisition to enhance the tools of Urbanisation and Industrialisation in the best interest of realty LPG Mafia.
Now, returning from Washington, in yet another instance that has created widespread confusion, Pakistani authorities are claiming that the Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has said that he has no objections to Pakistan scripting a nuclear deal with the US. This came in as a sideline to a conference where it was being declared that there will be no meeting of the Pak and Indian prime minsiters at SAARC summit.
Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor, embroiled in a controversy over his alleged meddling in the Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise, should not be blamed for being in the news for the wrong reasons, Congress said Thursday.
Hundreds of thousands of people are in need of shelter, food and water after a tropical storm ripped through impoverished villages in eastern India, killing 120 people, aid workers and officials said on Thursday.Monsoon rains in South Asia are expected to be normal this year, a top Indian weather office official said, raising hopes of lower inflation and a rebound in output of cane, soybean and rice after drought last year.
Renaissance led by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Devendra Nath Tagore and Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar has been Glorified with Inflated Satayam Fundamentals by the Secular Socialist and Marxist Intelligentsia and Academia diluting the Chandal Movement and Aboriginal Indigenous Peasants` Movement, Insurrections, Santhal Kol, Bheel, Koiri, Gond, Munda , Chuar Insurrections, Indigo and Sanyasi uprising and even the Sepoy Revolt, First Struggle for Independence in seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries. Some Marxists conceptualised the Cow belt Theory in absence of Nav Jaagaran in the Hindi nationality based in north India Geopolitics and compared it with Dark Age still sustained in the Feudal Fascist communal Set up culminating RSS centred Resurgence of Hindutva Babri Mosque Demolition, Sikh Genocide and Gujarat genocide version!
The Brahaminical History has deleted the legacy of Indus Saraswati Valley civilisation extended from Sindh to Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana. It also deleted the History of aboriginal India and deleted entire History of Aboriginal Indigenous rulers in East, North east and central India who sustained themselves even in late Nineteenth century. Aryawart was limited in the sphere of Patliputra,the Magadh Empire while the rest of India had been Aboriginal even at the time of Transfer of power to the Brahmin Bania raj thanks to the original Social Engineering by MK Gandhi now replicated by Rss, Marxist Bengali Hegemony, Mayawati and OBC Leadership and Rahul Gandhi,the latest in the Brigade.
Despite inflated Globalisation, Progress, Caste Struggle,Urbanisation, Industrialisation, IT and Mobile Boom, Secularism, SAMAJIK SAMARASTA, Bahujan Hitai, social Networking, commitment and concern, sovereignty of Market, the EXCLUDED Communities, the great Indian negroid black Untouchables are Persecuted in the Global Economic Order of Post Modern Zionist Corporate Manusmriti racial apartheid global Disorder. Untouchability is practiced in Elevated karnataka as well as in Marxist ruled Bengal, the motherland of Caste Hindu Renaissance as well as Untouchability Abolition subaltern national Movement of Mulnivasi Identity.
Thus, even after Death, caste Discrimination is the theme song sustained at the Home of Raja ram Mohan Roy, in District Hugli of West Bengal under progressive secular Marxist rule!
Radha Nagar happens to be the Ancestral Village of the Raja which is under KHANAKUL Number One Panchayat in Hugli District! This Panchayat owns only on Public Burning Ghat beside the Monteshwar kali Mandia where the Dead Bodies of Brahamins and shudras have to be burnt on separate Pyres! This Legacy continues for a full Century with the making of the Temple when the Brhmins issued a Fatwa that the Untouchables should not touch the Sacred pyres meant for the Brahamins only. original fatwa meant Non Brahmins in general but it was Implemented against the Untouchables as Untouchibilty is Practiced in every sphere of Life in Marxist ruled Bengal and Brahaminical Hegemony gets New Life countrywide with the major Contribution of Bengal Marxists having Decisive say in national Hegemony politics thanks to Trade Unions captured and MUSLIM OBC support Engineered. Even Evacuation in Ggaur and Murshidabad stopped and the Universities teach the 1930`s history of Indus civilisation describing entire Buddhist rule since Shashank a to Pala dynasty as Dark Age! Pre Shasank Bengal History is not evacuated as yet and deliberate EXCLUSION continues as Rani Rasmani, the last Independent Ruler of Bengal, not Sirajdaulah as popularly believed, finds no place in ram Krishna mission which had no to emerge without the daughter of fisherman`s family! Murshidabad was ruled by Paundras and east Bengal bu Rajbanshi and Namoshudra rulers and Twelve Bhuians. South Bengal was totally Aboriginal Ruled even in the twentieth century and OBC and tribal Insurrections have legacy of continued insurrection sustained even in Singur, Nandigrama and Lalgarh!
Hinduism
||Hindu Doctrines|| || Hindu Philosophies|| ||Hindu Scriptures|| ||Evolution of Hindu Dharma|| ||Hindu Renaissance|| ||Caste Movements||
MODERN HINDU RENAISSANCE
The Modern Hindu Renaissance (1800 AD - Present) witnessed the emergence of many social and religious vices in the Hindu society in India. Many leaders, saints, scholars, social and religious reformers came up on to the scene and tried to bring the society back into the tradition of Hindu Dharma. This was the period when social reform movements like Raja Ram Mohan Roy's Brahmo Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Swami Dayanand Saraswati's Arya Samaj and other such movements became very strong. Mrs. Annie Besant (1847-1933), an Englishwoman, translated and popularized the Bhagwad Gita, and established the Hindu College in Benaras, now known as the Benaras Hindu University. Sri Ramakrishna (1836-1886 AD), a famous sage of modern times, infused the true spirit of Hindu Dharma into his followers. Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) elucidated Hindu Dharma within and outside India and introduced the Vedanta philosophy to the West. Sri Aurobindo Ghose (1872-1950) eloquently interpreted the basic concepts of the Hindu Dharma and expounded the yoga philosophy for the transformation of human consciousness. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), one of the greatest mystical poets of the world, expounded the Upanishadic philosophy through his songs in Gitanjali and in many of his other works. Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) extended non-violence, a Hindu cardinal virtue, to social, national and international affairs. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975), a philosopher, statesman, and the second President of India, interpreted the classical Hindu philosophy in the context of the modern world through his numerous scholarly works, such as Hindu View of Life.
BRAHMO SAMAJ
The Brahma Samaj was a theistic organisation founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, an educated Bengali, at Calcutta in 1828. It was initially known as the "Brahmo Sabha". Two factors contributed to the formation of the Brahmo Samaj during the 19th century. Firstly the Hindu social system had begun to stagnate and placed too much emphasis on traditional rituals. Secondly, an English educated class of Indians began to emerge to fulfill the administrative and economic needs of British rule.Fundamental Principles:
The fundamental principles of the Brahmo Samaj are:(1) There is only one God, who is the Creator and the Saviour of this world. He is spirit, infinite in power, wisdom, love, justice and holiness, omnipresent, eternal and blissful. (2) The human soul is immortal and capable of infinite progress, and is responsible to God for its doings. (3) Man's happiness in this and the next world consists in worshipping God in spirit and in truth. (4) Loving God, holding communion with Him and carrying out His will in all the concerns of life, constitute true worship. (5) No created object is to be worshipped as God, and God alone is to be considered as infallible.
To this, Raja Ram Mohan Roy added:
"the true way of serving God is to do good to man." Since no one person is considered to be infallible, the Brahmos hold all the great religious leaders of the world in respect, and believe that truth is to be gleaned from all the scriptures of the world. To that extent, the Brahmo religion is truly eclectic. Universalist in nature, it is "dogmatically un-dogmatic". The Brahmo Samaj rejected idol worship and the worship of multiple gods and goddesses of the traditional Hindu beliefs. It sought to purge Hinduism of its social evils by advocating the teachings of Vedas and Upanishads. The Brahmo Samaj has played a significant role in the renaissance of India, and the roots of much of the modern thinking in India can be traced back to the Brahmo movement. After initially evolving in India, the Brahmo religion is now practised in many parts of the world.
Divisions in the Brahmo Samaj:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was much influenced by the Western thought, especially Christianity. He was one of the first Hindus to visit Europe, where he was much admired by the intellectuals. After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Brahmo Samaj got divided into many sects. Debendranath Tagore (Father of Rabindranath Tagore) took an active interest in the Brahmo Samaj and began to transform the Brahmo Samaj into a spiritual fraternity. He established the Adi Brahmo Samaj and formulated the "Brahmo-upasana" which was a set of readings from the Upanishads. Debendranath Tagore's successor was Keshab Chandra Sen. He sought to incorporate Christian ideals into the Brahmo Samaj movement. He began the compilation of a scripture including passages from the Holy Books of many religions - Hindu, Buddhist, Christian and Muslim. He founded the Bharitiya Brahmo Samaj or the Naba Bidhan Samaj. Another split took place in the Brahmo Samaj in May 1878 when the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj was founded by Pandit Shivanath Shastri, owing to differences with Keshab Chandra Sen. Eventually these three were united to form the "Brahmo Sammilan Samaj" and a "mandir" was built in Bhowanipur, Calcutta, which celebrated its centenary in 1997.
Prominent Brahmo Samajis:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Keshad Chandra Sen, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Satyajit Ray, Rabindranath Tagore, Debendranath Tagore and Amartya Sen.
PRARTHANA SAMAJ
Prarthana Samaj, founded by R.G.Bhandarkar and M.G.Ranade in Bombay in 1867, was an offshoot of the Brahmo Samaj. Like Brahmo Samaj, it also preached worship of one god and tried to free religion from various evils like caste system and dominance of priests. The other persons who worked for promoting the principles of the Prarthana Samaj include Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and Kandukuri Veerasalingam.ARYA SAMAJ
Arya Samaj was founded in 1875 at Bombay by Swami Dayanand Saraswati to move the Hindu Dharma away from all the factitious beliefs and to go back to the teachings of Vedas. The goal of the Arya Samaj is Krinvanto Vishvam Aryam i.e. to Make This World Noble. Arya Samaj started the Suddhi Movement to reconvert the Christians and others into Hinduism.Fundamental Principles of Arya Samaj:
There are ten fundamental principles of Arya Samaj which include (1) Believe in one Supreme God. (2) God is personification of Existence, Intelligence and Bliss. He is Formless, Almighty; Just, Benevolent, Unborn, Endless and Infinite (3) The Vedas are the scriptures of true knowledge and are the words of God. (4) Embrace truth and forsake untruth (5) Righteousness, (6) Benevolence (7) Love and Justice (8) To dispel avidya (nescience) and promote vidya (science), both spiritual and physical. (9) Promoting good of all and (10) Subordination and Liberty.
The Arya Samaj organization is live and sound in all parts of the world. Arya Samaj has branches in countries around the world including United States, Canada, Guyana, Surinam, Trinidad, Mexico, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, South Africa, Malawi, Mauritius, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Australia.
Prominent Arya Samajis:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Swami Shradhanand, Acharya Ram Dev, Pandit Guru Dutt Vidyarthi and Lala Lajpat Rai.
RAMKRISHNA MISSION
The Ramkrishna Mission was inaugurated by Swami Vivekananda(1863-1902) in 1897 to spread the message and teachings of his spiritual guru, the famous Bhakti saint Ramkrishna Paramhansa. One of the major aims for establishing the Ramkrishna Mission was the spread of the universal message of the Vedanta and the revival of Hinduism. In 1894 Swami Vivekananda attended the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago and became famous by his eloquent defence of Hinduism. In 1897 he established Mats or monasteries named after Ramakrishna for religious meditation. Vivekanda was very modern in his outlook and denounced untouchability, poverty and suppression of women. He condemned the caste system and undue emphasis on rituals and ceremonies. He welcomed the knowledge of science and said that it does not contradict religion. His teachings inspired courage, confidence and national pride among the Hindus.THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA
The Theosophical Society was first formed in the United States by Madame H.P.Blavatsky, a Russian lady, and Colonel H.S.Olcott, an American military officer. They came to India and were inspired by the Hindu philosophy and Hindu scriptures. They formed the headquarters of Theosophical Society in India in 1886 at Adyar in Madras. The Theosophical Society became very popular in India under Mrs Annie Besant, an Irish lady, who came to India in 1893. She established the central Hindu College at Benaras, which later developed into the Hindu University.||Hindu Doctrines|| || Hindu Philosophies|| ||Hindu Scriptures|| ||Evolution of Hindu Dharma|| ||Hindu Renaissance|| ||Caste Movements|| ||Hinduism|| ||Jainism|| ||Buddhism || ||Sikhism|| ||Islam|| ||Christianity|| ||Zoroastrianism|| ||Judaism || ||Bahai Faith|| ||Other Faiths|| ||Pilgrimages|| ||Famous Religious Personalities||
http://www.culturopedia.com/religions/rennaissance.htmlpalashscape: Let the BRAHMIN KANYA Matua Mamata Banerjee RESIGN ...
Bengal as Matua Religion wih the HERITAGE of CHANDAL Movement, . .... ONLY for MATUA CHANDAL MOVEMENT UNTOUCHABILITY was ABOLISHED in BENGAL much before Dr ...
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30 Mar 2010 ... CHANDAL Movement and Mulnivasi Renaissance in Bengal led the Foreigner Brhamins Plan Partition Of Bengal to Readjust Demography just to ...
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- 10:05am"Chandal" redirects here. For the town in Bangladesh, see Chandal, Bangladesh. ... new term for Chandalas of Bengal · Chandala in Tamil Nadu Bakthi movement ...
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Chandala (चांडाल) or Chandal is an opprobrious term, reserved for a .... Chandala in Tamil Nadu Bakthi movement · Matanga Jataka Jataka Pali No.497 ...
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When did broken men become untouchable; Chandala in Tamil Nadu Bakthi movement; Matanga Jataka Jataka Pali No.497; Chandal Slums in Gujarat; Chandala to ...
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Bengali Politicians Did Everything to Destroy Us in accordance ...
15 Oct 2009 ... Our friend SHEETAL Makram has posted his E Book on Refugee Problem recently. I am posting the E Book for further circulations and ...
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11 Apr 2009 ... Latest E Book by Nagpur based Comrade Sheetal Makram and friends on MOSSAD and CIA Justifies all my writings. ...
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Latest E Book by Nagpur based Comrade Sheetal Makram and friends on MOSSAD and CIA Justifies all my writings. I have got the CD only this afternoon. ...
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- [ Translate this page ]6 नवं 2009 ... I talked to SHEETAL Makram and wrote to VTR, the editor of Dalit Voice. I interacted with Intelligentsia and posted BLOGs daily. ...
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- [ Translate this page ]I talked to SHEETAL Makram and wrote to VTR, the editor of Dalit Voice. ... MULNIVASI Aboriginal Indigenous TRADE Union Global Must Be the TOP . ...
17-th.net/berita/Makram+Suidan+Pipl+Profiles.html - Cachedpalashbiswas's blog - Palash Speaks
12 Apr 2009 ... I posted the E- BOOK released by SHEETAL Makram exposing the MOSSAD and CIA role in disturbances in South Asia, the reality of Mumbai ...
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Latest E Book by Nagpur based Comrade Sheetal Makram and friends on MOSSAD and CIA Justifies all my writings. I have got the CD only this afternoon. ...
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Arya-Brahmin Vengeance on Bengali-Tamil Dalits & Chakma Adivasi ...
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6 Nov 2009 ... The police have been ceaselessly fighting against criminals and anti-social .... He always answered that the bengali Refugees had been the follower ... them in the same manner as the Bengali Brahmin hegemony, civil society, ... do seem to have inherited the Elite Bengali Brahaminical vengeance and ...
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When the constitution of India outlawed untouchability in 1950 many national leaders believed that a centuries old practice had been brought to an end. But now nearly 60 years later there is no total success of the statutory measure. Millions of Dalits across the country who account for roughly 1/5th of the population continue to suffer birth-based discrimination and humiliation. In states like Tamil Nadu which boasts a long history of reformist movements is no exception.Infact untouchability has not only survived the constitutional ban but taken new avatars in many parts of the state. Caste-based discrimination has often led to violence, leaving hundreds of the disadvantaged people in distress particularly in the 1990s.
Over 80 forms of untouchability have been identified, many of which are apparently free India's additions to the list. From time immemorial Dalits have been deprived of their right to education and the right to possess land and other forms of property. Left with nothing but their physical labor to earn their livelihood they have all along been forced to do the toughest and most menial jobs for survival.
Apart from the denial of access to public roads,tanks,temples and burial/cremation grounds there are other forms of untouchability.Segregation of Dalits is seen almost everywhere in Tamil Nadu's villages. But nothing can perhaps beat the high wall 500 meters long that has been built at Uthapuram in Madurai district as a barrier between Dalits and caste Hindus.
While untouchability is still rampant and is taking new forms particularly in villages, the constitutional ban and compulsions of modernity and development have to some extent blunted its rigor. Rail transport has been unifying forces in society. Yet the Railways have been among the worst offenders in respect of the law against manual scavenging.Dalits constitute a significant portion of its workforce of manual scavengers along railway lines.
Although all state governments claim that they have abolished manual scavenging reports reveal that this practice is very much alive in many places. Postmen have also been found to practice untouchability.A study conducted in Tamil Nadu noted that in two villages in Madurai district postmen did not deliver postal articles to Dalit addressees.Dalits were required to collect the articles at the post office. There are also road transport related violations of the law against untouchability.Among them is the unwritten rule that gives caste Hindus priority over Dalits in boarding buses in many areas, buses not stopping in Dalit areas, transport employees picking quarrels with Dalit passengers without provocation and Dalits not being allowed to use bus shelters. State government still follows a traditional procedure of making announcements in villages by beating a drum and for that they deploy Dalits.
Worse still are the roles of schools and teachers in perpetuating untouchability and sowing the seeds of caste-related discrimination in young minds. The Dalit children are often discouraged by teachers and fellow students belonging to caste Hindu social groups. In many schools Dalit pupils were not allowed to share water with caste Hindus. To punish an erring or naughty Dalit boy teachers scold him by calling him by his caste name. If the teacher decides that the boy needed a beating as punishment the task was assigned to another Dalit boy. There is also systematic refusal of admission to Dalits in certain schools particularly at the plus two levels.
In some villages during the temple festivals Dalits are supposed to stay hidden from caste Hindus. The two-tumbler system under which Dalits and non-Dalits are served tea in different vessels is still prevalent in some teashops. In some eateries they are compelled to sit on the floor.
Chandala
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Castes of India | |
| Chandala | |
| Classification | Untouchables |
| Religions | Hinduism |
| Language | Indo-Aryan languages |
| Populated States | Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal |
Chandala (Devanagari: चंडाल) is a Sanskrit word for a Hindu lower caste, formerly considered untouchables. The Indian Constitution of 1950 outlawed caste-based discrimination, but the caste system continues to survive. Currently it is a caste title used specifically in Indo-Aryan speaking regions of India. Sandala has become a swear word in the colloquial usage of the Tamil language. Chandal continues to be a derogatory expletive used to refer to a mean or low person in North India.
Usage of the term is noted in ancient and medieval literature of Sri Lanka, South India, and in Indo-China. Chandala as a term of despised caste was used in Dravidian-speaking South India and among the Sinhala of Sri Lanka.[citation needed]
Many Dalit castes in north India are referred to as Chanadalas, and the term is used in a general way to denote any similar caste as well. Chandalas reside in Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal. In Bengal they have changed their name to Namasudra to escape the negative effects of the terminology.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] In literature
The term Chandala was used in the Manu Smriti or the codes of caste segregation in the Mahabharata, the religious epic. It was also used as a synonym for Domba; the terms were interchangeable.
In the early Vedic literature such as the Smritis (ancient religious scriptures) the word Antyajas is used for the untouchable castes. We have Chamar (a tanner of hides) mentioned in the Rigveda (VIII.8,38). The terms Chandala and Paulkasa both occur in the Yajurveda when referring to lower classes. The Vepa or Vapta (a barber) is mentioned in the Rigveda. A vasahpalpuli (washer woman) is mentioned in the Yajurveda. Many Chandalas were untouchables because of their occupation, but it was possible for people of higher castes to be demoted and become members of a lower caste through poor behavior.
Fa Xian, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who recorded his visit to India in the early 4th century C.E., noted that Chandalas were segregated from the mainstream society as untouchables. Traditionally, Chandalas were considered to be beyond the pale of the Varna or caste system. They were considered as Panchama (the Fifth Veda or main caste) and thus beyond the fourfold division of Indian people, and outcastes. They were required to sweep the ground where they walked to remove the 'contamination' of their footfalls and they were not allowed to let their shadows fall upon a higher caste member. They were forbidden to worship in temples or draw water from the same wells as caste Hindus, and they usually lived in segregated neighborhoods outside the main village. In the Indian countryside, the Chandala villages are usually a separate enclave a kilometre or so outside the main village where the other Hindu castes reside.
[edit] Usage elsewhere
German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche described the Jewish and Christian religions with the term Chandala ("Tschandala") in his works The Antichrist and The Twilight of the Idols. Nietzsche's use of this term was influenced by the French writer Louis Jacolliot, and his work Les législateurs religieux, Manou, Moïse, Mahomet. Nietzsche also claimed that every great spirit has experienced, "as one stage in his development", the stigma of being a Chandala; not because others consider him this way, but because he feels and senses within himself a profound schism and alienation from the world.
Sydney Owenson, Lady Morgan misspells the word as "Chancalas" throughout the text in her 1811 sentimental novel The Missionary: An Indian Tale.[1]
[edit] References
- ^ The Missionary: An Indian Tale (ISBN 1-55111-263-9) by Sydney Owenson, Lady Morgan, introduction by Julia M. Wright, 2002 edition
- Anna Dallapiccola, Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend, ISBN 0-500-51088-1.
[edit] External links
- Chanadalas amongst Sinhalese in Sri Lanka
- Regulations against the Chandalas in Maharshatra
- Namasudra a new term for Chandalas of Bengal
- Chandala in Tamil Nadu Bakthi movement
- Matanga Jataka Jataka Pali No.497
- Chandal Slums in Gujarat
- Chandala versus Doms
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5/04/2010
Comment: Sania to Sunanda -- media on the rampage
That same question of space again. From Sania-Shoaib to Shashi-Sunanda, it has been a seamless transition for the gossip hungry reader being fed by large sections of the media that have once again decided to go up, close and too personal, in the reporting of what should actually be nothing but a minister and his alleged involvement in a multi-million-dollar cricket franchise.
It is admittedly a delicious cocktail. First an Indian tennis ace romancing a Pakistani cricket star with all the excitement of subcontinental rivalry and the hint of betrayal that saw breathless headlines and even more breathless stories and which has ended with Sania Mirza finally getting married to Shoaib Malik.
And now another heady mix with Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor and his alleged links with the Indian Premier League's Kochi team, partly owned by a woman friend, Sunanda Pushkar, who is part of the Rendezvous Sports World consortium.
Politics and cricket, a dapper former UN diplomat-turned-first time MP and another goof-up, the na?ve politician swimming in muddied waters, an attractive businesswoman and the barest hint of romance and even reports of a death threat... It's a heady mix and we just can't have enough of it.
It should be about his impropriety as a minister. Instead, what we have got in abundance is endless reports about rumours that he was getting ready to marry Dubai-based Pushkar, his third wedding and hers too, lots of photographs of the two of them seen in public events, details of her life and her parents too, and headlines such as "The minister's external affair" - clever but oh! so insulting.
Also, of course, in case you wanted to know and didn't know where to ask - Tharoor's first wife, what she did and what she does, ditto with his second wife. And, to go with it, Pushkar's first husband and second.
She was the appendage to the celebrity minister, a "beautician" with Kashmiri origins who had moved far from her middle class upbringing in Jammu as the daughter of a retired army officer.
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Pakistan on Thursday said no meeting has been scheduled so far between Prime Ministers Yousuf Raza Gilani and Manmohan Singh on the sidelines of the SAARC summit later this month though it had proposed one and insisted that restarting dialogue was "a necessity".
Foreign Office spokesman Abdul Basit told a weekly news briefing that no meeting between the two premiers has been scheduled on the sidelines of the regional summit to be held in Thimphu on April 28-29 though a proposal for such a meeting was part of a roadmap provided recently by Islamabad to New Delhi.
"As far as a formal meeting in Bhutan is concerned, it has yet not been pencilled in.
"Nevertheless, given that our roadmap also provided for a summit meeting in Bhutan, we look forward to a meaningful engagement with India," he said in response to a question.
Singh was on Wednesday evasive when asked whether he would meet Gilani in Bhutan during the SAARC Summit. "I think there is still time to think about the meeting in Bhutan. When we reach there we would cross the bridge."
The Prime Minister had yesterday said India could resume dialogue with Pakistan on all issues if "concrete" and "effective" action is taken against those behind the Mumbai terror strikes.
Basit said neither country would be doing the other a "favour" by resuming the peace process that was stalled in the wake of the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks.
"Let me also underline here that engaging in meaningful and result-oriented talks is in our mutual interest and in the interest of this region. It is not a favour by Pakistan to India or vice versa," he said.
Asked about Singh's remarks, Basit said the legal procedure for the of Pakistani suspects linked to the Mumbai attacks was underway.
However, he made it clear that talks are "a necessity between the two countries and for peace in the region".
Referring to the two brief meetings between Gilani and Singh on the sidelines of the Nuclear Security Summit hosted by the US in Washington, Basit said the "two Prime Minister shook hands and exchanged pleasantries".
He also said "there was mutual warmth in the handshakes".
In response to a question about Singh's reported comments that India was not averse to a civil nuclear deal between Pakistan and the US, Basit said: "It is good to see India taking a position based on the principle of non-discrimination.
The report had been carried by a Pakistan news website.
"Asked about concerns expressed by Indian leaders that military aid provided by the US to Pakistan could be used against India, he said the relationship between Islamabad and Washington was not directed against any country.
"Prime Minister Singh has reiterated India's position and Pakistan has its own position.
"We are developing a long-term partnership with the US and this partnership is not against the interest of any third country. This partnership will purely help promote peace, stability and prosperity in this region," the spokesman said.
Basit also dismissed reports about France being reluctant to provide civil nuclear technology to Pakistan as "speculation".
The US too is working closely with Pakistan to help it overcome its energy deficit, he said.
No Maoists in West Bengal, claims Mamata
Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee has said there are no Maoists in West Bengal.Addressing a press conference here on Wednesday, Banerjee claimed there are about 200 camps of the Communist Party India (Marxist), which have unleashed violence across the state. Criticising the so-called Operation Green Hunt of the government, Banerjee said the operation is being carried out to suppress or kill rural folk in the area.
"The operation is being carried out in the name of a joint operation. There are no Maoists in this region. There are 200 camps of the CPI-M operating in the area. Why would the CPI-M be involved in a government operation? Government operation is administrative operation. I have doubts about the operation itself," she said.
She demanded the arrest of West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee alleging that he had misused his powers under the Constitution. "Why should not any action be taken against him because of his politics of individual killings and mass murder? I feel it is my social responsibility to say so," she added.
''Operation Green Hunt'' is a joint exercise conducted by the central paramilitary and State police force to track down and flush out Maoists from their camps in forest regions.
It was initially conducted in West Bengal and later extended in Jharkhand. The districts covered in Jharkhand are West Singbhum, East Singbhum, Ranchi, Latehar, Chatra, Hazaribagh and Bokaro.
Dantewada a wake up call: PC
Home Minister P Chidambaram on Thursday said the Dantewada massacre was a "wake up call" for the country and asked for a collective resolve to defeat the Maoists, whose aim was to seize political power."Let us have no illusions about what they (Naxals) want.
It is seizure of political power. The People's Liberation Guerrilla Army will be converted into People's Liberation Army," said Chidambaram replying to a day-long debate in the Lok Sabha, which saw Opposition targeting the Congress-led coalition over "division" within itself on tackling the issue.
"Naxals call this war. They call us enemies. They call this hallowed hall (Parliament) a pigsty," he said.
Dismissing reports that the 76 slain personnel of the CRPF were caught napping by the Naxals, the minister said they died fighting, having killed eight Maoists.
"If this tragedy is not a wake up call, then nothing can wake up this country and this Parliament," he said.
Turning emotional, the Home Minister said in a choked voice that he had resigned owning moral responsibility in the wake of the massacre, but Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi had rejected it reposing confidence in him.
"I will continue leadership to the Ministry of Home Affairs and the paramilitary forces," declared Chidambaram, saying the tragedy should "make us more determined, resolute and fearless" in dealing with the adversary.
Noting that the report of the one-man inquiry into the Naxal attack would be available to the government by April 24 or 25, he said, "we will draw conclusions and lessons" from it.
He also said that the Centre would give Rs 35 lakh to each of the bereaved family of the CRPF men and a job to a member. The process would be completed by the month-end. This, he said, would be in addition to the compensation provided by the state government, which could range from Rs 5 lakh to Rs 15 lakh.
In Rajya Sabha too, day-long discussions was held on the issue amid frequent adjournments.
IPL slog overs: Narendra Modi, Pawar step into sticky field
New Delhi: The saga around the ownership of Indian Premier League's (IPL) Kochi franchise took a new turn with the owners attacking Gujarat chief minister Narandra Modi for pressurising them to give up their rights and former Indian cricket board president Sharad Pawar, an union minister, advising the stake holders to stay put in Kerala.
Satyajit Gaekwad, spokesperson of the Rendezvous Sports World, which is a member of the consortium that won the franchise for Rs.1530 crore, said the stake holders were being pressurised by the IPL supremo Lalit Modi, on the insistence of Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi, to give up their rights so that they can shift the franchise to Ahmedabad.
"Lalit Modi is trying to please Narendra Modi and asked the stake-holders to give up their rights so that the franchise could be shifted to Ahmedabad. The distressed stake holders then went to Pawar, who gave them his blessings and asked them to stay on with Kochi," said Gaekwad here Thursday.
Pawar said that four members of the consortium met him after last month's auction and asked for his help in transferring the Kochi team to Ahmedabad. "I said if you want my advice you should stay in Kochi," Pawar said.
Gaekwad said that Lalit Modi is being influenced by Narendra Modi.
"The inaugural IPL bidding happened when Vasundhara Raje Scindia was Rajasthan's chief minister. Vasundhara and Narendra Modi may have put pressure on Lalit (Modi) to bring a team to Ahmedabad. There is politics involved," he added.
The Gujarat government, however, denied the allegations and said that the chief minister had nothing to do with the controversy.
"Some promoters had met the chief minister but that meeting does not decide the bidding process where the highest quote becomes successful. Gujarat will welcome any team for holding matches in the state," said Amit Shah, Gujarat Home Minister.
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शाही स्नान के दिन जिसका डर था वही हुआ। बिरला घाट के पास भगदड़ से एक मासूम समेत सात लोगों की मौत हो गई, जबकि दो दर्जन से ज्यादा श्रद्धालु चोटिल हो गए। जूना अखाड़े के एक महामंडलेश्वर का काफिला गुजरने के दरम्यान यह हादसा हुआ। पुल की टूटी रेलिंग से एक पुलिस कर्मी समेत कुछ के गंगा में डूबने की भी आशंका जताई जा रही है। उनका अभी कुछ पता नहीं चल पाया। हालांकि प्रशासन इस पर मुंह खोलने से बच रहा है। मृतकों में पांच महिलाएं शामिल हैं। अब तक चार ही मृतकों की शिनाख्त हो सकी है। सभी मृतक दूसरे राज्यों के बताए जा रहे हैं। मेला प्रशासन फिलहाल सात लोगों के मरने की पुष्टि कर रहा है। घटना की मजिस्ट्रेटी जांच के आदेश दिए गए हैं। साथ ही सीएम ने मृतक आश्रितों को पांच-पांच लाख रुपये आर्थिक सहायता देने की घोषणा की है। उधर, शंकराचार्य चौक सहित कई स्थानों पर पुलिस बल ने भीड़ को नियंत्रित करने के लिए घोड़ों का सहारा लिया, इससे भी कई श्रद्धालुओं को चोटें आई हैं। इस बीच, हादसे के बाद जूना, अग्नि और आह्वान अखाड़ों ने हरकी पैड़ी के बजाए बिरला घाट पर ही स्नान किया। बाकी अखाड़ों ने ब्रह्मकुंड में ही डुबकी लगाई।
यह दर्दनाक हादसा बुधवार सुबह उस वक्त हुआ, जब श्रद्धालुओं का रेला हरकी पैड़ी से डुबकी लगाकर अपर रोड होते हुए बिरला घाट की तरफ लौट रहा था। उसी दौरान विपरीत दिशा से जूना अखाड़े के एक महामंडलेश्वर के वाहनों का काफिला आ रहा था। प्रत्यक्षदर्शियों के मुताबिक यह काफिला जैसे ही श्रद्धालुओं के निकट पहुंचा तभी एक महिला और उसका मासूम बच्चा महामंडलेश्वर के काफिले के वाहन की चपेट में आ गया। टक्कर मारने के बाद चालक तेजी से वाहन को भगा ले गया। इससे वहां अफरा-तफरी मच गई और लोग एक-दूसरे को रौंदते हुए आगे बढ़ने लगे। महिला और बच्चे की मौके पर ही मौत हो गई। इसी दरम्यान बिरला घाट पुल की रेलिंग का कुछ हिस्सा टूट गया। उस वक्त पुल पर श्रद्धालुओं का सैलाब टूटा हुआ था। चीख पुकार के बीच भगदड़ में कई लोग भीड़ के पैरों तले दब गए। जो जहां खड़ा था, उसी दिशा में भागने लगा, जबकि कुछ के रेलिंग टूटने वाली जगह से नीचे नदी में जा गिरने की बात कही जा रही है। कुछ श्रद्धालुओं को जैसे-तैसे नदी में गिरने से बचा लिया गया।
भगदड़ में पांच महिलाओं समेत दो दर्जन से ज्यादा श्रद्धालु बुरी तरह चोटिल हो गए। इनमें दो ने मौके पर ही दम तोड़ दिया, जबकि, पांच अन्य ने अस्पताल ले जाते वक्त रास्ते में अंतिम सांस ले ली। प्रत्यक्षदर्शियों ने बताया कि इसी दौरान बिरला घाट पुल पर धक्का-मुक्की के बीच एक सिपाही और कुछ बुजुर्ग श्रद्धालु भी नदी में गिर गए। देर शाम तक उनका कुछ पता नहीं चल पाया था। हालांकि इसकी आधिकारिक पुष्टि किसी ने नहीं की।
मृतकों में अभी तक बच्ची समेत चार महिलाओं की ही शिनाख्त हो पाई है। इनमें फूलवती पत्नी बुद्धि राम निवासी मुरैना, मध्यप्रदेश, गीता गोयल पत्नी किशन लाल गोयल निवासी उड़ीसा, कुमारी राधा पुत्री मोहन चंद लोहानीपुर कदमकुंआ, पटनाऔर कलावती (40) लोहानीपुर कदमकुंआ, पटना शामिल हैं। एक बाबा की भी इस हादसे में जान गई है। बाबा समेत अन्य मृतकों की शिनाख्त नहीं हो पाई है।
दूसरी तरफ, मेला प्रशासन ने भीड़ को नियंत्रित करने के लिए कई स्थानों पर घुड़सवार पुलिस की मदद ली। शंकराचार्य चौक और पोस्ट आफिस तिराहे पर सुबह से ही ऐसा होता रहा। यहां भीड़ को तितर-बितर करने के लिए कई चक्रों में घुड़सवार पुलिस की मदद ली गई, इससे भी अफरा-तफरी रही, जिसमें कई लोग चोटिल हो गए।
Yesterday was the culmination of Kumbh Mela 2010, a Hindu festival that draws millions of pilgrims to the Ganges River over a three-month period. The New York Times reported that an estimated 10 million people entered the water on Wednesday, creating serious safety concerns, including seven deaths during a procession stampede; the Associated Press confirmed three drowning deaths.
The religious festival continues until April 28, but yesterday was one of the most auspicious dates of this cycle. For more on this story, here are some articles from the Indian media:
- 1.45-crore people take dip in the Ganga (The Hindu)
- At least 7 killed in Kumbh stampede (The Times of India)
- Stampede at Khumb kills 7, probe ordered (The Hindustan Times)
'Gujarat CM behind Lalit Modi's anti-Kochi drive'
The controversy surrounding IPL Kochi franchise took yet another political turn on Thursday as Lalit Modi was accused of working under the pressure of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi for taking away the bid to Ahmedabad.Shashi Tharoor, the man at the centre of the controversy facing allegations of securing sweat equity for his friend Sunanda Pushkar from the Kochi team owners, expressed his readiness to make a statement in Parliament after a second meeting in two days with Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee.
Kochi franchise spokesman Satyajit Gaikwad today brought Narendra Modi in the line of fire, saying the whole world knew about his nexus with Lalit Modi and he put pressure on the IPL Commissioner to bring a team to Ahmedabad.
"We were told that we won't be allowed to work. The Adani group and Narendra Modi had a stake in the Ahmedabad IPL bid. After we won the bid, our investors spoke to (former BCCI chief) Sharad Pawar and asked him which city to choose. He said 'you can take your pick', so we decided to take Kochi," the franchise' Gaekwad told reporters here.
"The inaugural IPL bidding happened when Vasundhra Raje Scindia was Rajasthan's Chief minister. Vasundhra and Narendra Modi may have put pressure on Lalit (Modi) to bring a team to Ahmedabad. There is politics involved," he added.
The Gujarat government rebutted the allegations, saying they were baseless and Chief Minister Modi had nothing to do with the controversy. State Home Minister Amit Shah told reporters that some promoters had met the Chief Minister but that meeting does not decide the bidding process where the highest quote becomes successful. Gujarat will welcome any team for holding matchesin the state, he said.
But Gaikwad was supported in his attack on Modi by former Gujarat Cricket Association chief Narhari Amin who said both the Modis were pushing for Ahmedabad. Gaikwad also demanded that Lalit Modi disclose the ownership details of all the IPL teams now that he has revealed the details of the Kochi team.
"I ask the government to reveal the ownership details of other IPL teams under the corporate law. Government should investigate. We are clean and we have nothing to hide", he said.
Meanwhile, Tharoor had a second meeting with Mukherjee and Defence Minister A K Antony in Parliament House. Asked whether he will be making any statement in Parliament on the issue, Tharoor said that nobody has so far directed him to do so. At the same time, he indicated that he is open to it.
He, however steered clear of questions on whether the meeting was to finalise the draft of the statement he may make as also if he is meeting Congress President Sonia Gandhi or if he has sought any appointment from her in this regard.
Tharoor, who was closeted in a meeting with the two leaders for close to 30 minutes today, had also met them last night. The two leaders had met Gandhi yesterday. Opposition parties have demanded Tharoor's resignation in the wake of the controversy. CPI(M) leader Brinda Karat said that government should investigate the matter and the minister should step down immediately.
Tharoor strongly denied allegations that he had misused his office for any personal gains or for securing any gains to his friend Pushkar. Commenting on the controversy, Sports Minister M S Gill said "it is just not cricket". "Accountability should be there. Democracy applies everywhere. Democracy is like a sunflower which seeks sunshine. Therefore all institutions should work accordingly," he said.
Guj govt refutes allegations against Narendra Modi
Chief Minister Narendra Modi today sought to distance himself from the IPL controversy with a state minister describing as baseless allegations that Modi had put pressure on IPL Commissioner Lalit Modi to bring a new team to Ahmedabad.
Earlier in the day, former Congress MP from Vadodara Satyajit Gaekwad, who is a spokesperson of Kochi franchise, had alleged that IPL commissioner Lalit Modi is targeting the new team under pressure from Narendra Modi, who is also president of Gujarat Cricket Association (GCA).
"GCA or its president (Modi) has nothing to do with the entire controversy. Allegations levelled against us are baseless," Shah who is also vice-president of GCA told reporters here. "Franchise was awarded to the team following the open bidding process and in that no cricketing association or GCA has any role to play," he said refuting the allegations levelled by Gaekwad.
"These allegations were levelled not by promoters of the Kochi team but by political persons, and cricket should be above politics," Shah said. To a question whether a meeting was held between Lalit Modi, one of the bidders for Ahmedabad team Gautam Adani and Narendra Modi before the bidding process started in Ahmedabad, Shah said, "I am not aware of any such meeting. Such meetings have no meaning as far as open bid system is concerned."
In reply to another question on whether GCA had backed Adani group in bidding for Ahmedabad IPL team, the Gujarat minister said IPL auction is entirely based on open bidding system where backing is not required. To a question whether Gujarati promoters of Kochi team had met the chief minister and offered to shift base to Ahmedabad, Shah said he was not aware of any such meeting.
Cryogenic tech fails spectacularly in GSLV-D3
India's GSLV-D3 powered by homegrown cryogenic engine for the first time failed in its mission as the rocket carrying a communication satellite deviated today from its path and went out of control shortly after its lift-off from the spaceport here today."The mission objectives are not met fully. There are indications that the cryogenic engine ignited but the vehicle was tumbling and controllability lost," ISRO Chairman K Radhakrishnan said.
The 49-metre tall three-stage Geo Synchronous Launch Vehicle blasted off at 4.27 pm at the end of a 29-hour countdown but minutes later ISRO said it had stopped receiving data.
"We saw the vehicle tumbling uncontrollably and it developed deviation. Two vernier engines would not have ignited," Radhakrishnan, for whom it was the first mission after taking over as ISRO chief, told mission scientists as gloom descended on the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. He said details of the flight data would be analysed to find out what went wrong.
TODAY - 15 April, 2010
GSLV-D3 in trouble
GSLV-D3 deviates from its path within few minutes of the launch. It was a first ever indigenous cryogenic engine on homespun rocket. More
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Modi acting under pressure: Kochi
IPL's Kochi franchise alleged that Modi is targetting the team under pressure from Gujarat CM. More
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Dantewada attack prompts repeated adjournments of Lok Sabha
There were unpleasant scenes in the Lok Sabha Thursday with the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the ruling Congress accusing each other of using Maoist guerrillas for electoral gains, prompting repeated adjournments.BJP and Congress MPs were caught in an ugly row over the April 6 Dantewada massacre, forcing Speaker Meira Kumar to interrupt the debate and adjourn the house for a half hour at 12.30 p.m.
The house, which resumed the budget session after a month-long break Thursday, reassembled at 1 p.m. but the unrest continued.
Congress MPs demanded action against BJP leader Yashwant Sinha for his comments. The speaker said she would check the records, promising action if she found anything against the rules.
But the interruptions continued and she adjourned the house again till 2 p.m.
BJP's Sinha, a former finance minister, initiated the debate and assured the government of the party's full support in its war against Left extremism in mineral-rich central India.
But he went on to lambast the government the way it has tackled the Maoist problem, which Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has said is the 'greatest threat' to India's internal security.
Sinha said the Congress used Maoists for political gains in some states and sent a 'wrong signal' that the government was 'ready to compromise on terrorism'.
'You forged an alliance with Naxalites in Andhra Pradesh for electoral benefits,' he thundered.
Parliamentary Affairs Minister Pawan Kumar Bansal reacted sharply and said the BJP leader had forgotten the relationship his party has with Maoists in Chhattisgarh.
'He doesn't know what relationship his party has with Maoists. He has forgotten that,' Bansal said, this time triggering protests from BJP MPs.
'On one hand he is expressing BJP's support and on the other he is levelling allegations,' Bansal said.
Sinha earlier 'condemned with contempt' the remarks by Congress leader Digvijay Singh accusing the BJP of having a nexus with the guerrillas in Chhattisgarh.
As the noise grew louder amid the allegations and counter-allegations, Meira Kumar asked Sinha not to 'level allegations which you are not able to substantiate'.
She said the house was discussing 'something very serious'.
'This is a tragedy which has saddened all of us. This is not the debate where allegations should be levelled... All parties should put their heads together and see how we can eliminate such incidents,' Meira Kumar said about the brutal killing of 76 security men in Chhattisgarh.
In the morning, the Lok Sabha had been adjourned over demands for a debate on the Dantewada attack, the worst since the Maoist insurgency began over four decades ago.
Banthal (Gujarat), Apr 15 (PTI) Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) chief Ram Vilas Paswan today undertook a march here, demanding "justice" for dalits who reportedly left this village after alleged harassment by upper caste people. The party said hundreds of Dalits participated in the rally and alleged that more a thousand people of the community had left the village in last one year due to atrocities against them.
"The population of this village is around 3,500 and nearly 50 per cent of them are from Dalit communities. The Dalits were subjected to a number of atrocities as they were denied access to water from tanks and not allowed to take ration from shops," Paswan said.
He alleged their efforts to get support of the police proved futile and they had to leave the village. The LJP chief said he would meet Gujarat Governor tomorrow on this issue and also visit other villages in the state where Dalits face similar problems.
India can't lose battle against Maoists: Jaitley
India cannot afford to lose the battle against Maoists, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Arun Jaitley said Thursday, adding that states should be held responsible for their failure to curb growing leftwing extremism.'This battle the country cannot lose,' Jaitley said during a debate on the April 6 massacre of 76 security men in Chhattisgarh. 'This battle (needs) to go on,' he told the Rajya Sabha.
Maoism, he added, needed 'to be eradicated'.
Terming the Maoist threat as alarming, the BJP leader said the entire opposition was backing the government in its campaign against the Maoists.
'The country wants to speak in one language... but we do not need a divided government.'
Quoting Chidambaram, he said the home minister spoke about a 'strong head, strong heart and enormous staying power' to fight the guerrillas.
'We agree with you. But what we don't need is a divided government. We don't want half a Maoist in the treasury benches,' he said.
Strongly supporting the nationwide crackdown against Maoists, Jaitley said the BJP wanted enough energies to be directed towards weeding out the increrasingly aggressive guerrillas.
He also blamed the state governments for not being serious in curbing the menace. The BJP leader said chief ministers of states 'should be made accountable' for Maoist attacks.
While social and economic development in the Maoist infected areas needed to be taken care of, Jaitley said, military action by the extremists needed to be tackled though 'strong security measures'.
On April 6, an early morning ambush by the Maoists killed 75 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) troopers and a Chhattisgarh policeman in the forests of Dantewada in Chhattisgarh.
Quoting government statistics, Jaitley said 220 districts in the country faced the Maoist problem. Of these, 90 districts had 'effective Maoist presence'. 'The situation is alarming.'
'The first five years of the UPA, in fact, was wasted without releasing the seriousness of the issue,' he said, but added quickly that there 'some sign of hope in the last one year'.
He further said: 'You certainly need a strong head and a strong heart. But what we need more is a strong government and a strong political party.'
Jaitley also attacked the Congress party and said the party has serious differences on how to tackle the Maoist problem.
Chidambaram appeared to be in concurrence with some of what Jaitley said.
'Paramilitary forces have been provided to the affected states, including Chhattisgarh, to help the state governments carry out counter-insurgency operations, regain control of areas dominated by Naxalites (Maoists), restore the civil administration and re-start development work. The state governments, therefore, have the primary responsibility,' the miniser said in the Rajya Sabha.
दन्तेवाड़ा की जड़ें / सुनील
[ स्कूल के दौरान ही सुनील को गाँधीजी की आत्मकथा मिली थी और वे उससे प्रभावित हुए थे। मध्य प्रदेश बोर्ड की परीक्षा में मेरिट सूची में स्थान पाने के बाद एक छोटे कस्बे से ही उन्होंने स्नातक की उपाधि ली। देश के अभिजात विश्वविद्यालय माने जाने वाले - जनेवि में दाखिला पाया । विद्यार्थी जीवन में ही लोकतांत्रिक समाजवाद में निष्ठा रखने वाले युवजनों की जमात से जुड़ गये । जलते असम और पंजाब के प्रति देश में चेतना जागृत करने के लिए साइकिल यात्रा और पदयात्रा आयोजित कीं । समता एरा और सामयिक वार्ता के सम्पादन से जुड़े रहे तथा दर्जनों पुस्तकें लिखीं और सम्पादित की। जनेवि में हरित क्रांति के प्रभावों पर पीएच.डी का काम छोड़ मध्य प्रदेश के होशंगाबाद जिले के केसला प्रखण्ड के किसान-आदिवासियों को संगठित करने में जुट गये ।गत पचीस वर्षों से उस क्षेत्र को वैकल्पिक राजनीति का सघन क्षेत्र बनाया है। दर्जनों बार जेल यात्राएं हुईं -सरकार द्वारा थोपे गये फर्जी मुकदमों के तहत । प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर स्थानीय आबादी के हक को लेकर सफल नये प्रयोग किए । देश में नई राजनैतिक ताकत की स्थापना के लिए समाजवादी जनपरिषद नामक दल की स्थापना करने वालों में प्रमुख रहे। माओवादी राजनीति की बाबत गंभीर अंतर्दृष्टि के साथ लिखा गया यह लम्बा लेख एक नई दिशा देगा। आज के 'जनसत्ता' से साभार ।- अफ़लातून ]
सुनील
दंतेवाड़ा ने देश को दहला दिया है। यह साफ है कि दंतेवाड़ा,लालगढ़, मलकानगिरि जैसे कुछ आदिवासी इलाकों में माओवादियों ने अपने आजाद क्षेत्र बना लिये हैं, आदिवासियों का ठोस समर्थन और आदिवासी युवा उनके साथ हैं तथा वे पूरी तैयारी और सुविचारित रणनीति के साथ अपना युद्ध लड़ रहे हैं।
6 अप्रैल को दंतेवाड़ा में अभी तक की पुलिस व अर्धफौजी बलों की सबसे बड़ी क्षति हुई है। इस घटना की प्रतिक्रिया में रस्मी तौर पर बयान आ रहे हैं और तलाशी अभियान चल रहे हैं। कई बेगुनाहों को इस चक्कर में पकड़ा, मारा या सताया जाएगा। हिंसा और अत्याचारों का दौर दोनों तरफ चलता रहेगा। लेकिन इससे कुछ नहीं निकलेगा। हालात और बिगडे़गी। वक्त आ गया है कि जब देश गंभीरता से विचार करे कि ये हालातें क्यों पैदा हुई, माओवादियों का इतना जनाधार कैसे बढ़ा, सरल और शांतिप्रिय आदिवासी मरने व मारने पर क्यों उतारु हुए ? इस हिंसा की जड़ में क्या है ?
माओवाद या नक्सलवाद के बारे में देश आम तौर पर तभी सोचता है, जब ऐसी कोई बड़ी घटना होती है। मीडिया के जरिये कभी-कभी जो अन्य कहानियां या खबरें मिलती हैं, वे सतही और पूर्वाग्रहग्रस्त रहती हैं। ऐसी हालत में देश की एक बड़ी अंग्रेजी लेखिका अरुंधती राय ने करीब एक सप्ताह दंतेवाड़ा के जंगलों में सशस्त्र माओवादियों के साथ बिता कर उसका वृत्तांत 'आउटलुक' (29 मार्च, 2010) पत्रिका में देकर हमारा एक उपकार किया है। ऐसा नहीं है कि वे पूरी तरह निष्पक्ष है। माओवादियों के प्रति उनकी सराहना, सहानुभूति और उनका रोमांच साफ है। किन्तु इससे दूसरी तरफ की, अंदर की, बहुत सारी बातें जानने एवं समझने को मिलती है। यह इसलिए भी महत्वपूर्ण है कि पिछले काफी समय से सरकार ने इन इलाकों को सील कर रखा है और बाहर से किसी को जाने नहीं दे रही है। मेधा पाटेकर, संदीप पांडे या महिला दल की जनसुनवाई या पदयात्रा को भी सरकार और सरकारी गुर्गों ने होने नहीं दिया। उनकी घेरेबंदी को भेदकर, भारी जोखिम लेकर, काफी कष्ट सहकर, अरुंधती ने बड़ा काम किया है। भारत के बुद्धिजीवी जिस तरह से वातानुकूलित घेरों के अंदर बुद्धि-विलास तक सीमित होते जा रहे हैं, उसे देखते हुए भी यह काबिले तारीफ है।
तीन संकट:
इस वृतांत से एक बात तो यह पता चलती है कि वहां के आदिवासियों का एक प्रमुख मुद्दा जमीन और जंगल (तेदूंपत्ता या बांस कटाई) की मजदूरी का रहा है। बड़े स्तर पर वनभूमि पर आदिवासियों का कब्जा करवाकर और वन विभाग के उत्पीड़न से मुक्ति दिलाकर माओवादियों ने अपना ठोस जनाधार बनाया है। वास्तव में, देश के सारे जंगल वाले आदिवासी इलाकों में तनाव, टकराव और जन-असंतोष का यह एक बड़ा कारण है। अब तो देश को यह अहसास होना चाहिए कि आदिवासियों के साथ ऐतिहासिक रुप से अन्याय हुआ है, भारत के वन कानून जन-विरोधी और आदिवासी – विरोधी हैं, आजादी के बाद हालातें नहीं बदली हैं, बल्कि राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों, अभ्यारण्यों एवं टाईगर रिजर्वों के रुप में उनकी जिंदगियों पर नए हमले हुए हैं। संसद में पारित आधे-अधूरे वन अधिकार कानून से यह समस्या हल नहीं हुई है। जैसे नरेगा से रोजगार की समस्या हल नहीं हो सकती, सूचना के अधिकार से प्रशासनिक सुधार का काम पूरा नहीं हो जाता, प्रस्तावित खाद्य सुरक्षा कानून से देश में भूख एवं कुपोषण खतम नहीं होने वाला हैं, उसी तरह वन-अधिकार कानून भी ज्यादातर एक दिखावा ही साबित हुआ है। भारत के जंगलों पर पहला अधिकार वहां रहने वाले लोगों का है, उनकी बुनियादी जरुरतें सुनिश्चित होनी चाहिए, तथा अंग्रेजों द्वारा कायम वन विभाग की नौकरशाही को तुरंत भंग करके स्थानीय भागीदारी से वनों की देखरेख का एक वैकल्पिक तंत्र बनाना चाहिए। भारत के जंगल क्षेत्रों में खदबदा रहे असंतोष का दूसरा कोई इलाज नहीं हैं। और यही जंगलों एवं वन्य प्राणियों के भी हित में होगा।
वैश्वीकरण के दौर में, निर्यातोन्मुखी विकास और राष्ट्रीय आय की ऊंची वृद्धि दर के चक्कर में, देशी विदेशी कंपनियों और सरकार के सहयोग से इन इलाकों के जल-जंगल-जमीन पर हमले का एक नया दौर शुरु हुआ है। खदानों व कारखानों के बेतहाशा करारनामे और समझौते हो रहे हैं। यदि सबका क्रियान्वयन हो गया, तो भारत के बड़े इलाकों से जंगल और आदिवासी दोनों साफ हो जाएंगे। सलवा जुडुम और ऑपरेशन ग्रीन हंट के पीछे सरकार के जोर लगाने का एक बड़ा कारण यही है कि इन इलाकों में खनिज के भंडार भरे हुए हैं। सलवा जुडुम के लिए टाटा और एस्सार कंपनी ने भी पैसा दिया है, इस तरह के तथ्य सामने लाने का भी काम अरुंधती राय ने किया है। भारत के मौजूदा गृहमंत्री चिदंबरम साहब भी वेदांत एवं अन्य कंपनियों से जुडे़ रहे हैं। यह हमला व यह सांठगांठ देश में लगभग हर जगह चल रहा है। कई जगह लोग गैर-हथियारबंद तरीकों से लड़ रहे हैं। यदि देश को बचाना है, तो इस कंपनी साम्राज्यवाद को तत्काल रोकना होगा। यह दूसरा निष्कर्ष सिर्फ अरुंधती राय के लेख से नहीं, देश के कोने-कोने से आने वाली सैकड़ों रपटों व खबरों से निकलता है।
माओवाद के नाम पर इन तमाम गैर-हथियारबंद आंदोलनों को भी कुचला जा रहा है। कभी-कभी ऐसा लगता है कि भारतीय राजसत्ता और माओवादी दोनों के लिए यह स्थिति सुविधाजनक है और दोनों इसे बनाए रखना चाहते हैं। माओवाद प्रभावित इलाकों के आसपास के जिलों में भी अब कोई भी भ्रष्टाचार या पुलिस ज्यादतियों का मामला भी नहीं उठा सकता। उसे माओवादी कहकर जेल में सड़ा दिया जाएगा या फर्जी मुठभेड़ में मार दिया जाएगा। लोकतांत्रिक विरोध की गुंजाईश और जगह खतम होने से लोग मजबूर होकर माओवाद की शरण में जाएंगे, इसलिए यह माओवादियों के हित में भी है। लालगढ़ में ''पुलिस संत्रास बिरोधी जनसाधारणेर कमिटी'', कलिंग नगर में टाटा कारखाने के विरोध में आंदोलन, नारायणपटना में अपनी जमीन वापसी की लड़ाई लड़ रहे आदिवासी — ये सब गैर-हथियारबंद लोकतांत्रिक आंदोलन थे। इनके नेताओं को जेल में डालकर, इन पर लाठी – गोली चलाकर सरकार इनको माओवादियों की झोली में डाल रही है।
अतएव हमें तीसरा अहसास भारतीय लोकतंत्र पर छाए गंभीर संकट का होना चाहिए। भारतीय राजसत्ता जहां चाहे, जब चाहे, लोकतांत्रिक नियमों और मान-मर्यादाओं को ताक में रख देती है। विशेषकर जो इलाके और समुदाय भारत की मुख्य धारा के हिस्से नहीं है, जैसे पूर्वोत्तर और कश्मीर, दलित, आदिवासी और मुसलमान, उनके साथ वह बर्बरता और क्रूरता की सारी सीमाएं लांघ जाती है। उसका बरताव वैसा ही होता है, जैसा एक तानाशाह का होता है। सशस्त्र संघर्ष तो अलग बात है, लोकतांत्रिक एवं अहिंसक तरीकों से होने वाले जनप्रतिरोध को भी उपेक्षित करने व कुचलने में उसे कोई संकोच नहीं होता। आखिर दस वर्षों से चल रहा इरोम शर्मिला का अनशन तो एक गांधीवादी प्रतिरोध ही है, जो इस राजसत्ता की संवेदनशून्यता का सबसे बड़ा प्रमाण है। अपने दमन और अत्याचारों से यह राजसत्ता लोगों को उल्टे हिंसा की और धकेलती एवं मजबूर करती है।
भारत में बढ़ता हुआ उग्रवाद, आतंकवाद और माओवाद कहीं न कहीं भारतीय लोकतंत्र की गहरी विफलता की ओर इशारा करता है, जिसमें लोगों को अपनी समस्याओं और अपने असंतोष को अभिव्यक्त करने तथा उनके निराकरण के जरिये नहीं मिल पा रहे हैं। भारत के लोकतांत्रिक ढांचे की इस विफलता को देश के मुख्य इलाकों के आम लोग भी महसूस कर रहे हैं। उनकी हताशा कम मतदान, आम बातचीत में नेताओं को गाली देने, तुरंत कानून अपने हाथ में लेने या हिंसा व आगजनी की घटनाओं में प्रकट होती है। देश की आजादी के बाद लोकतंत्र का जो ढांचा हमारे संविधान निर्माताओं ने अपनाया, वह शायद बहुत ज्यादा उपयुक्त नहीं था। अब पिछले छः दशकों के अनुभव के आधार पर इसकी समीक्षा करने का समय आ गया है। माओवादियों की तो इसमें कोई रुचि नहीं होगी कि इस 'बुर्जुआ' लोकतंत्र को बचाया जाए। लेकिन बाकी देशप्रेमी लोगों को इस लोकतंत्र की अच्छी बातों जैसे वयस्क मताधिकार, मौलिक अधिकार, कमजोर तबकों के लिए आरक्षण, आदि को संजोते हुए इसके ज्यादा विक्रेन्द्रित, जनता के ज्यादा नजदीक, नए वैकल्पिक ढांचे के बारे में गंभीरता से सोचना चाहिए।
इस लेख में अरुंधती राय ने विरोध के गांधीवादी, अहिंसक एवं लोकतांत्रिक तरीकों का कुछ हद तक मजाक उड़ाया है और बताया है कि वे सब असफल हो गए है। यह भी पूछा है कि आखिर नर्मदा बचाओ आंदोलन ने कौन-कौन सा दरवाजा नहीं खटखटाया ? वे बताना चाहती हैं कि हथियार उठाने, युद्ध लड़ने, सत्ता के मुखबिरों को मारने-काटने का जो रास्ता माओवादियों ने चुना है, उसके अलावा कोई विकल्प नहीं है। किन्तु क्या सचमुच ऐसा है ? पता नहीं, अरुंधती राय को मालूम है या नहीं, देश के कई हिस्सों में इस वक्त सैकड़ों की संख्या में छोटे-छोटे आंदोलन चल रहे हैं जो सब लोकतांत्रिक और गैर-हथियारबंद है। वास्तव में माओवादियों के मुकाबले उनका दायरा काफी बड़ा है। सफलता-असफलता की उनकी स्थिति भी मिश्रित है, एकतरफा नहीं। बल्कि सूची बनाएं, तो ऐसे कई छोटे-छोटे जनांदोलन पिछले दो-ढाई दशक में हुए हैं जो विनाशकारी परियोजनाओं को रोकने के अपने सीमिति मकसद में सफल रहे हैं। झारखंड में कोयलकारो, उड़ीसा में गंधमार्दन, चिलिका, गोपालपुर, बलियापाल एवं कलिंगनगर, गोआ में डूपों और सेज विरोधी आंदोलन, महाराष्ट्र में नवी मुंबई और गोराई के सेज -विरोधी आंदोलन आदि। बंगाल में सिंगुर और नन्दीग्राम में भी हिंसा जरुर हुई, लेकिन वे मूलतः लोकतांत्रिक ढांचे के अंदर के आंदोलन थे। नर्मदा बचाओ आंदोलन भले ही नर्मदा के बड़े बांधों को रोक नहीं पाया, लेकिन उसने बड़े बांधों और उससे जुड़े विकास के मॉडल पर एक बहस देश में खड़े करने में जरुर सफलता पाई। विस्थापितों की दुर्दशा के सवाल को भी वह एक बड़ा सवाल बना सका, नहीं तो पहले इसकी कोई चर्चा ही नहीं होती थी। लेकिन यह भी सही है कि नवउदारवादी दौर में राजसत्ता का जो दमनकारी चरित्र बनता जा रहा है, उसमें आंदोलन एवं प्रतिरोध करना दिन-ब-दिन मुश्किल होता जा रहा है। गांधी के देश में गांधी के रास्ते पर चलना कठिनतर होता जा रहा है। (जारी)
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बाबा साहब अम्बेडकर का एक जरूरी व्याख्यान
[ मद्रास के प्रसिद्ध पत्र संडे आबजर्वर के सम्पादक श्री पी. बालासुब्रम्ण्या ने बाबा साहब के सम्मान में , २३ दिसम्बर १९४४ को वहाँ के कन्नेमारा होटल में एक लंच दिया था । ]
अम्बेडकर,पेरियार,जिन्ना
मित्रों ,जहाँ तक मैंने अध्ययन किया है , मैं कह सकता हूँ कि मद्रास की अब्राह्मण-पार्टी का संगठन भारत के इतिहास की एक विशिष्ट घटना है । इस बात को बहुत कम लोग समझ सकते हैं कि यद्यपि इस पार्टी का जन्म साम्प्रदायिकता के आधार पर हुआ था , जैसा कि इसके नाम से स्पष्ट झलकता है , फिर भी इस पार्टी का मौलिक आधार और वास्तविक ध्येय साम्प्रदायिक नहीं था । यह कोई महत्वपूर्ण बात नहीं है कि अब्राह्मण पार्टी का संचालन किसने किया ? भले ही इसका संचालन किसी 'मध्य वर्ग' ने किया हो , जिसके एक सिरे पर ब्राह्मण रह रहे हैं और दूसरे सिरे पर अछूत , तो भी यदि यह पार्टी लोकतंत्र पर आश्रित न होती , तो इसका कुछ मूल्य न होता । इसीलिए हर लोकतंत्रवादी को इस पार्टी की उन्नति और विकास में दिलचस्पी रही है ।
इस देश के इतिहास में जहाँ ब्राह्मणवाद का बोलबाला है , अब्राह्मण पार्टी का संगठन एक विशेष घटना है और इसका पतन भी उतने ही खेद के साथ याद रखी जाने वाली एक घटना है । १९३७ के चुनाव में पार्टी क्यों एकदम धराशायी हो गयी , यह एक प्रश्न है , जिसे पार्टी के नेताओं को अपने से पूछना चाहिए। चुनाव से पहले लगभग २४ वर्ष तक मद्रास में अब्राह्मण-पार्टी ही शासनारूढ़ रही । इतने लम्बे समय तक गद्दी पर बैठे रहने के बावजूद अपनी किसी गलती के कारण पार्टी चुनाव के समय ताश के पत्तों की तरह उलट गई ? क्या बात थी जो अब्राह्मण-पार्टी अधिकांश अब्राह्मणों में ही अप्रिय हो उठी ? मेरे मत में इस पतन के दो कारण थे । पहला कारण यह है कि इस पार्टी के लोग इस बात को साफ नहीं समझ सके कि ब्राह्मण-वर्ग के साथ उनका क्या वैमनस्य है ? यद्यपि उन्होंने ब्राह्मणों की खुल कर आलोचना की,तो भी क्या उनमें से कोई कभी यह कह सका था कि उनका मतभेद सैद्धान्तिक है । उनके भीतर स्वयं कितना ब्राह्मणवाद भरा था । वे ' नमम' पहनते थे और अपने आपको दूसरी श्रेणी के ब्राह्मण समझते थे। ब्राह्मणवाद को तिलांजलि देने के स्थान पर वे स्वयं 'ब्राह्मणवाद' की भावना से चिपटे हुए थे और समझते थे कि इसी आदर्श को उन्हें अपने जीवन में चरितार्थ करना है । ब्राह्मणों से उन्हें इतनी ही शिकायत थी कि वे उन्हें निम्न श्रेणी का ब्राह्मण समझते हैं ।
ऐसी कोई पार्टी किस तरह जड़ पकड़ सकती थी जिसके अनुयायी यह तक न जानते कि जिस पार्टी का वे समर्थन कर रहे हैं तथा जिस पार्टी का विरोध करने के लिए उनसे कहा जा रहा है ,उन दोनों में क्या-क्या सैद्धान्तिक मतभेद हैं । उसे स्पष्ट कर सकने की असमर्थता , मेरी समझ में , पार्टी के प्तन का कारण हुई है । पार्टी के पतन का दूसरा कारण इसका अत्यन्त संकुचित राजनैतिक कार्यक्रम था । इस पार्टी को इसके विरोधियों ने 'नौकरी खोजने वालों की पार्टी ' कहा है ।मद्रास के 'हिन्दू' पत्र ने बहुधा इसी शब्दावली का प्रयोग किया है। मैं उसक आलोचना का अधिक महत्व नहीं देता क्योंकि यदि हम ' नौकरी खोजने वाले ' हैं, तो दूसरे भी हम से कम 'नौकरी खोजने वाले' नहीं हैं ।
अब्राह्मण-पार्टी के राजनीतिक कार्यक्रम में यह भी एक कमी अवश्य रही कि उसने अपनी पार्टी के कुछ युवकों के लिए नौकरी खोजना अपना प्रधान उद्देश्य बना लिया था। यह अपनी जगह ठीक अवश्य था। लेकिन जिन अब्राह्मण तरुणों को सरकारी नौकरियां दिलाने के लिए पार्टी बीस वर्ष तक संघर्ष करती रही, क्या उन अब्राह्मण तरुणों ने नौकरियाँ मिल जाने के बाद पार्टी को स्मरण रखा ? जिन २० वर्षों में पार्टी सत्तारूढ़ रही ; इस सारे समय में पार्टी गांवों में रहने वाले उन ९० प्रतिशत अब्राह्मणों को भुलाये रही, जो आर्थिक संकट में पड़े थे और सूदखोर महाजनों के जाल में फँसते चले जा रहे थे ।
मैंने इन बीस वर्षों में पास किये गयुए कानूनों का बारीकी से अध्ययन किया है । भूमि-सुधार सम्बन्धी सिर्फ़ एक कानून को पास करने के अतिरिक्त इस पार्टी ने श्रमिकों और किसानों के हित में कुछ भी नहीं किया । यही कारण था कि ' कांग्रेस वाले चुपके से ' चीर हरण,कर ले गये।
ये घतनायें जिस रूप में घटी हैं , उन्हें देखकर मुझे बहुत दुख हुआ। एक बात जो मैम आपके मन में बिठाना चाहता हूं, वह यह है कि आपकी पार्टी ही आपको बचा सकती है । पार्टी को अच्छा नेता चाहिए , पार्टी को मजबूत संगठन चाहिए , पार्टी को अच्छा प्लैट-फ़ार्म चाहिए ।
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हिंसक रणनीति की सीमा
* " जो सरकार किसी भी प्रकार के लोकमत से चुनी गई हो ,चाहे वह फर्जी लोकमत ही क्यों न हो तथा कम से कम संवैधानिक- कानूनी दिखने वाली होगी वहाँ गुरिल्ला विद्रोह को बढ़ावा नहीं दिया जा सकता,चूँकि शान्तिपूर्ण संघर्ष की संभावनाओं को पूरी तरह आजमाया नहीं जा चुका होता है । " चे ग्वारा, गुरिल्ला वॉरफ़ेयर ,भाग १ ,पृष्ट १४। नेट पर
** संपूर्ण क्रान्ति के दौर में लोकनायक जयप्रकाश नारायण लाखों की सभा में कहते थे , ' माओ ने कहा कि राजनैतिक शक्ति का जन्म बन्दूक की नली से होता है । कितने लोगों को बन्दूक दिला सकते हो ? कोई थाना फूँक दोगे , डाकखाना फूँक दोगे,ये छिट-पुट छिट-पुट से काम नहीं चलेगा। हिंसा की बड़ी ताकत सरकार के पास है।बड़ी हिंसा छोटी हिंसा को दबाया दिया करती है। उसका मुकाबला अहिंसा से ही हो सकता है। 'जेल से ही स्वराज्य पैदा हुआ है । जेल से ही तुम्हारे अधिकार प्राप्त होंगे , जनता के अधिकार प्राप्त होंगे और सच्चा स्वराज्य मिलेगा।' उन्होंने ५ जून ,१९७४ के ऐतिहासिक भाषण में कहा , 'यह संघर्ष अगर जन-संघर्ष है तो यह पुलिस के जवानों का भी है। क्या उनके सामने महँगाई का प्रश्न नहीं है, गरीबी का प्रश्न नहीं है ? उन्हें भी परिवार का पोषण करना है,बेटे की पढ़ाई का खर्च देना है ,बेटी की शादी करनी है ।'
भाकपा (माओवादी) हिंसा का रास्ता छोड़े । हिंसक कार्रवाई के लिए उसे साधन देश के बाहर से ही मिल रहे हैं । वैश्वीकरण और देश की प्राकृतिक सम्पदा की लूट के खिलाफ़ जहाँ जन आन्दोलन चल रहे हैं उन्हें सरकारी हिंसा के बल पर दबाने का अवसर माओवादियों की रणनीति से मिल रहा है ।
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खनिज सम्पदा की लूट और कलिंगनगर पर दूसरा हमला
पिछले साल नौ सितम्बर को 'ब्लैक रोज़' नामक मंगोलियाई पानी का एक बड़ा जहाज ओड़िशा के पारादीप बन्दरगाह के निकट डूब गया । जहाज में हजार २३८४७ टन लौह अयस्क लदा था । जिनका माल लदा था उन्होंने यह कबूल कर लिया कि एक अन्य जहाज 'टोरोस पर्ल' के दस्तावेजों को जमाकर उन्होंने पारादीप बन्दरगाह में शरण पाई थी । जहाज का मालिक ब्लैक रोज़ नाम से दो जहाज चलाता था । बन्दरगाह से अन्य जहाज बाहर निकल सकें इसके लिए डूबे जहाज को हटाना जरूरी था । यह काम मजबूरन बन्दरगाह प्रशासन करवाना पपड़ रहा है । देश की अमूल्य खनिज सम्पदा की लूट की अवैध कारगुजारी का एक नमूना इस घटना से प्रकट हुआ । आदिवासी , दलित और पिछड़े गरीब किसानों का यह प्रान्त खनिज सम्पदा से समृद्ध है और उदारीकरण के दौर में देशी-विदेशी कम्पनियों में इसे लूटने की होड़ मची है । अनिल अग्रवाल ,मित्तल और टाटा सरीखों द्वारा लूट-खसोट में राज्य की पुलिस और कम्पनियों की 'निजी वाहिनी' (भाड़े के गुण्डे) ग्रामीणों पर दमन का दौर चला रहे हैं ।
पारादीप बन्दरगाह के निर्माण के दौरान ट्रकों से कुचल कर २५० बच्चे मारे गये थे तब बीजू पटनायक ने कहा था ,'इन बच्चों की मौत विकास के लिए हुई शहादत है " । ओडिशा मैंगनीज़ , लौह अयस्क तथा बॉक्साईट से समृद्ध है । ओडिशा के तट पर १२ नये बन्दरगाहों के निर्माण की योजना है । इनके द्वारा खनिज अयस्क तथा कोयले का निर्यात होगा । उदारीकरण के दौर में खनिज तथा वन कानूनों को ठेंगा दिखा कर दो सौ से दो सौ चालीस रुपये प्रति टन की लागत से प्राप्त लौह अयस्क चीन जैसे देशों को वैध/अवैध तरीकों से तीन हजार रुपये प्रति टन बेचा जा रहा है ।
रवि दास (खड़े) और पूर्व सांसद बालगोपाल मिश्र
इन तथ्यों के आधार पर ओडिशा के वरिष्ट पत्रकार एवं मानवाधिकार कार्यकर्ता रवि दास ने सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में एक जनहित याचिका दायर की है । ओडिशा-दिवस (पहली अप्रैल) पर वाराणसेय उत्कल समाज के आयोजन में वे बतौर मुख्य अतिथि बनारस आये हुए थे । ओड़िया के प्रसिद्ध अखबार 'प्रगतिवादी' से बरसों से जुड़े रहने के बाद अब वे ' आमो राजधानी' नामक एक मध्याह्न दैनिक निकाल रहे हैं तथा वकीलों,पूर्व प्रशासनिक अधिकारियों और पत्रकारों द्वारा बनाये गये 'ओडिशा जन सम्मेलनी' नामक संगठन के अध्यक्ष हैं । रवि दास ३० मार्च को जाजपुर जिले के कलिंगनगर इलाके में हुए बर्बर दमन की तफ़तीश करने गई टीम में शामिल थे । टीम का नेतृत्व उच्च न्यायालय के अवकाशप्राप्त जज चौधरी प्रताप मिश्र ने किया । टीम में एक चिकित्सक तथा चित्त महान्ती (लेखक तथा राजनैतिक कार्यकर्ता),सुधीर पटनायक (पत्रकार) तथा महेन्द्र परीडा (ट्रेड यूनियन कर्मी) शामिल थे । मुख्यधारा की मीडिया द्वारा पुलिस दमन की घटना की खबर गायब किए जाने के कारण इस समिति की रपट के मुख्य अंश यहां दिए जा रहे हैं :
जाँच दल ने गोली चालन के शिकार ग्रामीणों से बालिगूथा ,चाँदिया तथा बरगड़िया में मुलाकात की तथा उनकी झोपड़ियों , पशु धन , खाद्यान्न ,साइकिल आदि के नुकसान का जायजा लिया।
बालिगूथा के सरपंच ने टीम को बताया कि उसके घर से नगद तथा आभूषण भी लिए गये हैं। आन्दोलनकारी आदिवासियों के नेता रवि जरिका पुलिस की गोली से घायल हुए हैं । उन्होंने घटना का पूरा ब्यौरा दिया। समिति गोली से घायल पचीस लोगों से मिली जिनमें नौ महिलाएं थी । जाँच दल के साथ गये चिकित्सक ने घायलों का उपचार किया ।
मुख्य तथ्य :
- करीब ३० से ४० आदिवासी गोली से घायल हैं । गंभीर रूप से घायल ४ लोग अस्पताल में भर्ती किए गये हैं । घायलों के जख़्म देख कर लगता है कि यह रबर की गोलियों के अलावा भी चलाई गई गोलियों से हुए हैं ।
- प्रशासन द्वारा घायलों के उपचार के लिए कुछ भी नहीं किया गया हैं । उत्पीड़न और गिरफ़्तारी के भय से घायल ग्रामीण बाहर नहीं निकलना चाहते ।
- बालिगूथा के करीब स्थित विवादास्पद 'कॉमन गलियारा' के निर्माण स्थल पर किया पुलिस का गोली चालन बेजा था , किसी भड़कावे के बिना था तथा इसलिए पूर्वनियोजित था ।
- हथिया्रबन्द पुलिस की २९ प्लाटून , एन एस जी के दो प्लाटून , ७० पुलिस अधिकारी तथा ७ मजिस्ट्रेटों की मौजूदगी इलाके में व्याप्त आतंक के माहौल का अन्दाज देने के लिए काफ़ी हैं।
- सत्ताधारी दल से जुड़े जाने-पहचाने चेहरे पुलिस की वर्दी में बालीगूथा में घरों पर हमला करने वालों में थे । उनके पास बन्दूकें नहीं थी लेकिन वे तलवारों तथा वैसे ही घातक शस्त्रों से लैस थे।
- धारा १४४ लागू होने के बावजूद कम्पनी के गुण्डे भारी तादाद में छुट्टा घूम रहे थे ।
- विस्थापन विरोधी मंच के नेताओं के घरों को पहचान कर नुकसान पहुंचाया गया है तथा उन घरों के मूल्यवान सामान और खाद्यान्न नष्ट किए गए।
- आंदोलनकार पीडित आदिवासी बिना सोए रात गुजार रहे हैं क्योंकि उन्हें भय है कि स्थानीय प्रशासन के सहयोग से पुलिस , कम्पनी के गुण्डे,तथा सत्ताधारी दल से जुड़े अपराधी फिर से हमला कर सकते हैं ।
- इतनी भारी मात्रा में पुलिस बल की तैनाती अपने आप में इलाके की शान्ति के लिए खतरा है।
- ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि प्रशासन आन्दोलनकारी आदिवासियों की समस्या के प्रति असंवेदनशील है तथा उसे सिर्फ़ कलिंगनगर स्थित कम्पनियों की परवाह है ।
संस्तुतियाँ :
- मुख्य मन्त्री तत्काल हस्तक्षेप कर विवादित गलियारा प्रोजेक्ट के काम को रोकें ।
- प्रशासन ने कलिंगनगर में पहले हुए गोली कांड के बाद लोगों से जो वाएदे किए थे उनके प्रति धोखा किया है इसलिए आदिवासियों की माँगों की बाबत सर्वोच्च स्तर पर वार्ता होनी चाहिए। जमीन के बद्ले जमीन देने की बात को नजरअंदाज किया गया है तथा गलियारे की भूमि के मलिकों से भी राय नहीं ली गई है ।
- कम्पनियों के खर्च पर छोटे से इलाके में एक बाद एक थाने खोलते जाने के बजाय मुख्यमन्त्री को सुनिश्चित करना चाहिए कि हर गाँव को शिक्षा ,स्वास्थ्य,पानी,सामाजिक सुरक्षा योजनाओं का लाभ मिले। विधवा पेंशन जैसी योजनाओं को बेतुके रूप से इलाके में स्थगित कर दिया गया है ।
- पुलिस या नागरिक कानून को अपने हाथों में न ले । ३० मार्च को हुए गोली चालन तथा उसके पहले आदिवासियों में भय फैलाने वाली अपराधिक कारगुजारियों में लिप्त समस्त अधिकारियों को तत्काल निलम्बित किया जाए तथा उन पर मुकदमे चलाये जाँए ।
- गोली चालन से घायल पीडित हर व्यक्ति को एक लाख रुपये का जुर्माना दिया जाए ।
ओडिशा में नागरिक अधिकार आन्दोलन तथा किसान आन्दोलन पर रवि दास तथा किसान नेता बालगोपाल मिश्र से बातचीत आगे दी जाएगी ।
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Sadhu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
There are naked Naga (Digambar, or "sky-clad") Sadhus which are non-shaven and wear their hair in thick locks, and Jata, who carry swords. ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhu - Cached - SimilarNaga sadhus steal the show at Kumbh - The Times of India
13 Feb 2010 ... Kings for a day and wow. Warriors at the frontier of religion, naga sadhus of Juna akhara — Adi Shankaracharya's core battalion — sashayed ...
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12 Feb 2010 ... PTI Naga sadhus take out a procession as part of the month long Maha Kumbh festival, in Haridwar on Sunday. Photo: PTI ...
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Thursday, Jan 14, 2010 , India. Naga Sadhus, the main attraction at the Kumbh Mela, have given up everything materialistic. ...
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13 Jan 2010 ... Thousands of naked and semi-clad Naga Sadhus or Indian Holy Men are using the Kumbh mela festival, the world's largest spiritual gathering, ...
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thekumbhmela.com - dedicated to Kumbh Mela 2010 which is going to be held in Haridwar.
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A photo of A Naga Sadhu arriving in Varanasi hosted by travelblog.org.
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Welcome to Kumbh Mela 2010 Haridwar
According to astrologers, the 'Kumbh Fair' takes place when the planet Jupiter enters Aquarius and the Sun enters Aries. Kumbha (Kumbha means pot) Mela ...
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Kumbh Mela 2010
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www.youtube.comKumbh Mela 2010, Haridwar, India.
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Pawar says key members of Kochi consortium want to pull out
Union Agriculture Minister and ICC president-designate Sharad Pawar on Thursday disclosed that key members of the Kochi consortium now wanted the team to be based out of Ahmedabad, instead of Kochi.He said that four members of the team had met him with a request to help them in transferring the team to Ahmedabad.
He declined to name the members of the Kochi team.
The development came a day after IPL Commissioner Lalit Modi threatened to sue Rendezvous for defamation. He said he would take Rendezvous to court for saying that he offered them 50 million dollars to quit the franchise.
Meanwhile, Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor has reportedly sought time for a meeting with UPA Chairperson and Congress Party president Sonia Gandhi.
On Wednesday, Tharoor ruled out chances of him resigning from the Union Cabinet over the IPL issue saying that he has not done anything wrong or misused his office.
The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, had indicated in Washington that he would take action in the issue if warranted after his return from Brazil, where he is at present to attend the fourth IBSA summit and the BRIC summit.
Earlier, Modi in his email to BCCI chief Shashank Manohar had stated it was Tharoor who called him and instructed him not to reveal identities of the stakeholders of Kochi IPL franchisee.
Tharoor, according to news channels, has denied Modi's allegation, and said: "I deny Modi's allegation that I called him during his meeting with investors in the Kochi consortium in Bangalore in order to press him not to question the composition of the consortium." (ANI)
Opposition to further rake up Tharoor issue in Par
The Shashi Tharoor issue is expected to generate further heat in Parliament tomorrow with opposition planning to raise the matter involving the beleaguered Minister, whose resignation has been demanded by BJP and the Left parties. Notices have been given in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha by several parties including the BJP, Left and SP in the backdrop of allegations that Tharoor had misused his authority to help his friend Sunanda Pushkar to get ''free'' equity of the value of Rs 70 crore in IPL Kochi franchise.Yesterday the BJP reacted to the Prime Minister''s statement that he will take action against Tharoor only after knowing "all the facts" of the case, saying all details were now in public domain and there should be no delay in the matter. Earlier, the party had asked for Tharoor to be sacked.
Today, SP joined the chorus of this demand, saying he has been "exposed" in the IPL Kochi bid controversy. CPI (M) leader Brinda Karat said Tharoor should step down immediately and the government should investigate the whole issue.
The Minister of State for External Affairs said he is open to making a statement in Lok Sabha on the issue if asked to do so. When asked whether he will be making any statement in the controversial matter, Tharoor said that nobody has so far directed him to do so.
At the same time, he indicated that he is open to it.
Thu, Apr 15 10:21 AM
In a new twist to the controversy over the IPL Kochi team, its owner Rendezvous Sports on Wednesday alleged that IPL Commissioner Lalit Modi had offered $50 million to withdraw from the race, prompting the latter to threaten legal action.
"We were offered $50 million by Modi to withdraw from the Kochi team," Shailendra Gaikwad, CEO of the franchise, alleged within hours of Modi telling reporters that there was a question mark over the fate of the new team, secured by a bid of Rs 1,533 crore last month.
Full Coverage of the Modi-Tharoor controversy
Terming as "rubbish" the charge, Modi told PTI: "Are they mad? Who will offer them what they say Rs 200 crore. I will take legal recourse." "I am awaiting the clippings (in which Gaikwad had made allegation). Once I have that, I will serve them legal notice... possibly tomorrow," he said.
Hours after Modi told a press conference that there was a question mark over the owners of the Kochi franchise, Gaikwad hit back, saying that they were being deliberately made to go through a "tough time" because they refused the offer.
"We went through the process in the right manner and won the bid. But within 10 days of winning the bid, Modi offered us $50 million to give away the rights of the IPL franchise," Gaikwad told PTI.
Gaikwad said the franchise was being targeted because it outbid some big business houses whom Modi allegedly wanted to rope in for the subsequent editions of IPL. "We are being put to an unnecessary process and the reasons are obvious. If we did not have all the papers in place how could we win the bid. It is unfair now to make us go through these problems," he said.
Modi, on the other hand, wondered as to "why I will offer them the money... the bid had gone for a good sum", and dared Gaikwad to prove the allegations.
Allegations from Rendezvous, which has given a 18 per cent share of its 25 per cent equity in Kochi Team to Sunanda Pushkar - a friend of Tharoor, came within days of Modi divulging the names of stakeholders in Kochi Team.
दलित बालक को पीट-पीट कर मार डाला
हरदोई। जहां एक ओर अंबेडकर जयंती पर बसपा नेता दलितों की रक्षा की कसम खा रहे थे, वहीं दूसरी ओर गेहूं की बाली की चोरी का आरोप लगाकर दबंगों ने एक दलित किशोर को पीट-पीट कर मार डाला गया।
थाना कोतवाली शहर के ग्राम काशीपुर निवासी सियाराम दलित के 12 वर्षीय पुत्र कमलेश कुमार पिछले बुधवार को अपनी मां सरोजनी के साथ खेतों में सीला बीन रहा था। गांव के ही नीरज, मुनेश्वर और तिवल्ले कहार के खेत की मेड़ पर कमलेश गेहूं की बाली कूटने लगा। तीनों ने खेत से बाली चुराने का आरोप लगाते हुए उसे लात घूसों से जमकर मारापीटा और पकड़ कर घर ले गये। बताते हैं कि तीनों दबंगों ने कमलेश से पूरी दोपहर घर में मौरंग छनवाई और बाद में उसे कोठरी में बंद कर दिया। पुत्र के न आने पर सरोजनी तीनों के घर गयी और हाथ पैर जोड़ कर कमलेश को घर लिवा ले गयी। रात में पेट दर्द को लेकर कमलेश कराहता रहा। परिवार की आर्थिक स्थिति ठीक न होने पर सरोजनी कमलेश का इलाज भी न करा सकी। मंगलवार को हालत बिगड़ने पर सरोजनी ने किसी तरह कोतवाली शहर में सूचना दी, परंतु पुलिस ने कोई कार्रवाई नहीं की। बुधवार को किसी तरह सरोजनी कमलेश को लेकर जिला अस्पताल लायी जहां चिकित्सक ने परीक्षण के बाद उसे मृत घोषित कर दिया। इस मामले में सीओ सिटी ने कहा है कि मामले की गंभीरता से जांच की जा रही है। सही बात का पता पोस्टमार्टम रिपोर्ट आने के बाद ही पता चल सकेगा।
माओवादियों से निपटने को राज्यों को देंगे मदद
नई दिल्ली। गृहमंत्री पी. चिदंबरम ने कहा कि केंद्र माओवादियों से संघर्ष में राज्य सरकारों की मदद करने और अंतर राज्यीय अभियानों में समन्वय स्थापित करने का इच्छुक है और इसके लिए तैयार है।
चिदंबरम ने कहा कि नक्सलवाद की समस्या से निपटने के लिए विकास के साथ-साथ संतुलित कार्रवाई की जाएगी। चिदंबरम राज्यसभा में छत्तीसगढ़ के दंतेवाड़ा जिले में छह अप्रैल को हुए नक्सली हमले के बारे में बयान दे रहे थे जहां नक्सली हमले में 76 सुरक्षाकर्मी शहीद हो गए थे।
चिदंबरम ने कहा कि नक्सली हमले की घटना की जांच के लिए एक समिति गठित की गई है, जो दो हफ्तों में रिपोर्ट पेश करेगी। उन्होंने कहा कि किसी भी निष्कर्ष पर पहुंचने से पहले रिपोर्ट का इंतजार करना चाहिए। चिदंबरम ने कहा कि नक्सलियों के खिलाफ कार्रवाई की प्राथमिक जिम्मेदारी राज्य सरकारों की है और केंद्र सरकार उन्हे जरूरी सहायता उपलब्ध कराएगी।
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0:33 Added to - Ven. Saramedha Mahathera
- Ven. Karmayogi Kripasaran mahethera
- Ven. Abhayatissa Mahathera
- Ven. Silalankara Mahathera
- Ven. Dharmadhara Mahathera
- Ven. Jyotipala Mahathera
- Anup Kumar Chakma, Major General. Currently serving as Ambassador of Bangladesh to Myanmar[2]
- Tushar Kanti Chakma, Brigadier General. Currently serving as Director, Trust Bank[3]
- Dr.Ajoy Prakash Chakma, Major. Currently serving as 2nd in Command,BANMED-4, UNMIS, Sudan
- Kusum Dewan. Deputy Commissioner of Police. Currently serving as D.C(Port), Chittagong
- Amulya Bhushan Barua.AIG,Bangladesh Police.
- Saradindu Shekhar Chakma. Retired Additional Secretary & Former Ambassador of Bangladesh to Bhutan[4]
- Tara Charan Chakma, Retired Additional Secretary
- Barrister Debashish Roy, Chakma Raja (Chakma Circle Chief)
- Professor Niru Kumar Chakma. Currently Member of Bangladesh Human Rights Commission
- Sukrity Ranjan Chakma ndc., OSD (Additional Secretary), Ministry of Establishment
- Supradip Chakma. Joint Secretary. Currently serving as Ambassador of Bangladesh to Vietnam[5]
- Russell Chakma. Joint Commissioner of Taxes(J.C.T). Presently serving as J.C.T, Range-4, Taxes Zone-5,Dhaka
- Dilip Barua(Bangladesher Samyabadi Dal (Marksbadi-Leninbadi)). Currently Minister of Industies.
- Dipanker Talukder(Awami League), Currently State Minister for Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs[6]
- Kalparanjan Chakma(Awami League), Ex State Minister for Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs
- Mani Swapan Dewan (Bangladesh Nationalist Party), Ex Deputy Minister for Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs
- Bir Bahadur(Awami League), M.P;elected from Bandarban Hill District
- Kanak Chanpa Chakma(Artist), General Secretary of Tone Art Society of Bangladesh[7]
- Kamal Chakma, Producer. Currently Producer of Media Bhuban & Sports Vision on Banglavision[8]
- ^ BANGLADESH: COUNTRY PROFILE
- ^ Banerjee, S. C. Tantra in Bengal: A Study in Its Origin, Development and Influence. Manohar. ISBN 81-85425-63-9.
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Buddhism in Bangladesh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Buddhism is the third largest religion in Bangladesh with about 0.7% of population adhering to Theravada Buddhism[1]. Most of the practitioners are from the south-eastern district of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts.
[edit] Demographic overview
Most of the followers of Buddhism in Bangladesh live in the south-eastern region, especially in the Chittagong and Comilla district. The leader was said to be Dip Barua, a promising, understanding,caring human being. There are also people of Arakanese descent living in the subtropical Chittagong Hill Tracts. Most of these people belong to the Chakma, Chak, Marma, Tenchungya and the Khyang, who since time immemorial have practiced Buddhism. Other tribals, notably those who practice Animism, have come under some Buddhist influence, and this is true in the case of the Khumi and the Mru, and to a lesser extent on the other tribes.
[edit] Buddhist population by district
Buddhist Population across Bangladesh| District | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Barisal | < 0.06 |
| Chittagong | 12.65 |
| Comilla | 0.55 |
| Dhaka | 0.03 |
| Khulna | < 0.08 |
| Rajshahi | 0.23 |
| Sylhet | 0.2 |
Source: banglapedia [1]
[edit] History
Bangladesh (historical Bengal) has a unique place in the history of Buddhism, mainly for two reasons. Firstly, Bengal was (along with Nepal) the last stronghold of Indian Buddhism where it survived as a socio-cultural force beyond the 12th century, despite its disappearance from other parts of the Indian subcontinent. Secondly, it is generally believed that Bengal was the home of a form of Buddhism, namely, Tantric Buddhism.[2] Tantric Buddhism is a later development in Bengal and therefore it remains to be seen what specific factors are responsible for turning the pure form of Buddhism into tantricism and whether the mystic and esoteric practices in the Buddhism of Bangladesh are of distinctively Bengali origin.
[edit] Early origins
In the early days of Buddhism, many kings and rulers like Bimbisara, Ashoka, Kanishka patronized the spread of Buddha's teaching. This continued until the Palas and Chandras of Bengal in the 12th century. Of course, Buddhism faced hostility from some of the rulers, but throughout the first millennium and beyond, Buddhism thrived in Bengal.
It is possible that Buddhism entered Bengal before Asoka's time. After attaining enlightenment, the Buddha is said to have delivered his first sermon at Saranath and then moved to Magadha, Kosala, Vaishali and other places within what was known as Majjhimadesha or Madhyadesha. In the Divyavadana, the eastern boundary of the Majjhimadesha is said to have extended as far as Pundravardhana (North Bengal). Furthermore, the Buddha is said to have received considerable support from King Bimbisara of Magadha who not only dedicated Venuvana as a residence for monks, but also remained his close friend and a great patron of his Dhamma throughout his life. Since Bengal was adjacent to Magadha, it is possible that the Buddha had visited parts of Bangladesh as suggested by Hiuen Tsang, who notes that Asoka had erected stupas at various places in Bengal and Orissa to commemorate these visits.
Asoka's Reign and the Post-Maurya Period Epigraphic and other sources reveal that Buddhism had established a powerful footing in Bengal during Asoka's reign. The discovery of a Mauryan inscription in Brahmi characters at Mahasthangarh in the district of Bogra bearing the name Pudanagala (Pundranagara) and the recovery of many Mauryan coins and other artifacts dating from the fourth and third centuries BC suggest that the Gangetic delta was under the control of the Mauryan empire. The Chinese traveller, I-tsing, is said to have noticed Asoka's stupas near tamralipti (Tamluk) and Karnasuvarna (modern Burdwan and Murshidabad districts) in current West Bengal, in Pundravardhana (North Bengal) and in Samatata (Bangladesh). The port of Tamralipti to the west of the Bhagirathi-Hooghli river, in particular, played an important role during Asoka's rule. It was from here, according to Mahavangsa, that the Buddhist mission from Asoka's capital city, Pataliputra, sailed for Sri Lanka to spread the message of the Buddha.
[edit] Post-Mauryan period
With the decline of the Maurya Empire, Buddhism lost the royal patronage which it once enjoyed. Pusyamitra, after killing his master, Brhadratha, declared himself the emperor and ascended the throne of Magadha. He founded the Sunga dynasty in the 2nd century BC. With the resurgence of the Sungas, Buddhism met with its first major setback. Buddhism, once a thriving religion, declined in the absence of the royal patronage, as also because of the unfavourable attitude of the Sunga kings towards Buddhism and the Sangha.
Contrary to this position, some Indian scholars are of the view that the orthodox Sunga kings were not intolerant towards Buddhism, and that Buddhism continued to prosper even during the time of the Sunga kings. During the Sunga period, Buddhism was in existence in Bengal, and this can also be inferred from a terracotta tablet that was found at a place called Tamralipti. This terracotta tablet is currently on exhibit at the Asutosh Museum, University of Calcutta.
The Kushana period (around 1st century) gave further impetus to Buddhism when Kanishka raised Buddhism to the status of the state religion , erected stupas and chaityas, built monasteries and, like Asoka, sent missions abroad. The discovery of Buddha images, copper and gold coins and inscriptions, belonging to this period, indicate the flourishing status of Buddhism during the reign of Kaniska.
[edit] Gupta dynasty
Kings of the Gupta dynasty were devout adherents of a Hindu faith, sometimes called as Parama Bhagavatas, and they patronized and revived Hinduism, but they also possessed a tolerant outlook which allowed Buddhism to flourish. In the meantime, rise of the two powerful Hindu cults of Saivism and Vaisnavism, brought Buddhism closer to Hinduism. In its spiritual nihilism, Buddhism was approximated to the Bhakti movements so much so that, by the middle of the 6th century, the Buddha was accepted as an avatar of Vishnu.
According to Chinese sources, Maharaja Gupta, also known as Shri Gupta, the first ruler of the Gupta dynasty, built a Buddhist temple and offered it to Buddhist monks from China along with a gift of twenty four villages. This temple is believed to have remained a sacred place till the 7th century. Samudra Gupta, although a devout worshipper of Vishnu, also proved to be a great patron of Buddhism. It was during his reign that cultural relations between India and Ceylon were established. His teacher and guide, the celebrated Buddhist scholar Vasubandhu, was appointed minister, and, with the permission of the Ceylonese King Meghavanna, a monastery was built at Bodh Gaya for the monks and pilgrims of Ceylon. Chandra Gupta II who, like his father Samudra Gupta, was a devout Vaisnava by faith, gave full freedom to the practice of other faiths in his empire.
[edit] Fa Xian's account
During his visit to Bengal, Fa Xian is said to have travelled eastward along the course of the Ganges river, and during his journey, he came across Buddhist stupas and monks at several places. In a place named Tamralipti, Fa Xian is said to have spent two years, and visited twenty-two monasteries, inhabited by monks who lived in accordance with the Buddhist Vinaya.
Archaeological evidences also support Fa Xian's account about the thriving state of Buddhism in the Gupta period. An inscription found at Gunaigarh near Comilla, bearing the year 188 of the Gupta era (corresponding to 506 or 507 of the Christian era), records a gift of land by Maharaja Vainya Gupta in favour of the Buddhist Avaivarttika Sangha of the Mahayana sect. The Sangha, founded by the Acharya Shantideva and housed in a monastery called Ashrama Vihara, was dedicated to Avalokiteshvara. The inscription also refers to other Buddhist monasteries, one of which was known as Raja Vihara, which literally translates into Royal Vihara. Two Buddhist sculptures, a standing image of the Buddha found at Biharail in Rajshahi district and a gold-plated bronze image of Manjushri discovered at Balai Dhap mound at Mahasthana in Bogra, also bear testimony to the flourishing state of Buddhism during the rule of the Gupta kings.
Both the Hinayana and Mahayana sects of Buddhism flourished during the Gupta period. A number of Buddhist inscriptions, seals, images and manuscripts in Gupta characters, discovered at various archaeological excavations sites, testify to the thriving state of the early Hinayana schools, namely, the Sarvastivadins, the Sammatiyas (or the Vatsiputriyas) and Sthavirvadins. Gradually, Hinayana lost its hold, and Mahayana took ascendancy over Hinayana. Mahayana, with its ultra-altruistic principles, its scope for devotion and worship, and its opening of the state of Bodhisattvahood began to capture the imagination of common people, and acquired the status of an important religious movement. As Mahayana grew popular, Bodhisattvas such as Manjusri, Avalokitesvara and the goddess Prajnaparamita rose to occupy important positions. The Adi Buddha and Amitabha Buddha also received special attention. Worship of Bodhisattva images along with the image of the Buddha turned into a common practice. The Mahayanists are said to have revered the Prajna texts just as the Hinayanists revered their Vinaya and Abhidharma books. The Mahayanists are also said to have practised spells (dharanis) for religious purposes.
Hiuen Tsang visited India in the 7th century and visited almost all the major places associated with Buddhism in Bangladesh. According to him, there were six or seven Buddhist monasteries at Kajangala near Rajmahal, housing over three hundred monks. In the northern part of the country, he also claimed to have seen a belvedere built of stone and brick, with a broad and high base, artistic ornamentation and distinct carved images of the Buddha and the devas. At Pundravardhana he is said to have found twenty Buddhist monasteries with more than 3,000 monks who practised both Hinayana and Mahayana. The magnificent Po-shi-po, with spacious halls and storeyed chambers, occupied by over 700 monks, was located in the vicinity of the capital of Pundravardhana. There is also mention of a temple with an image of Avalokitesvara not far from this establishment, which attracted visitors from far and near.
Fa Xian visited India in the 5th century, and found that some of the old Buddhist centres like Kapilavastu and Saraswati were in a neglected and ruinous state, while Pataliputra, Mathura, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Nalanda were flourishing as active centres of Buddhism. The great monastery of Nalanda, which was founded by Kumara Gupta Mahendraditya, rose to prominence in the Gupta period and in course of time turned into a university and became the greatest centre of Buddhist learning in Asia. From an early date, the Buddhists of Bengal were closely linked with this great institution, although it was situated in Magadha. Prior to Hiuen Tsang's visit to Nalanda, Acharya Dharmapala had been the high priest of its monastery. He was succeeded by his disciple Acharya shilabhadra, a scion of a Brahmana king of Samatata. It was under Silabhadra's guidance that Hiuen Tsang studied Buddhist philosophy, including the vedas and Sangkhya Shastras, for five years. Not only scholars from Bengal but also its kings, the Guptas, the Palas etc., contributed to the development of the great institutions at Nalanda.
[edit] Post-Gupta period
During the post-Gupta period, Harsavardhana gave Buddhism a new impetus. But, in the 7th century, Shashanka came to the throne, who is claimed to have been hostile to Buddhism. According to Hiuen Tsang's account, Shashanka ordered the extermination of the Buddhist monks in and around Kushinagar; he cut down the holy Bodhi tree of Bodh Gaya and threw into the Ganges a sacred stone bearing the footprints of the Buddha. He is also said to have removed a Buddha image from a temple close to the Bodhi tree and replaced it with an image of Hindu god Lord Shiva.
Contrary to this, the reign of Emperor Harsavardhana (606-647) was one of resurgence and renewed progress and development. Despite being a worshipper of Shiva and Surya, Harsavardhana had great leanings towards Buddhism, and his elder brother, Rajyavardhana, and sister Rajyashri both were being devout Buddhists. Harsa was at first a follower of the Hinayana sect, but, in later life, became an ardent follower of Mahayana. Some of his notable contributions to the cause of Buddhism include erecting stupas on the banks of the Ganges, building monasteries at places sacred to Buddhism, and forbidding the slaying of animals. Another of his important contributions to Buddhism was his convening regularly the quinquennial convocation in which he gave away in religious alms everything he possessed. Harsa used to summon Buddhist monks once a year for religious discussions. Harsa was specially attached to Nalanda and extended help liberally.
After Harsavardhana, the Khadga dynasty is said to be the first Buddhist dynasty to rule an independent Bengal between the 7th and 8th centuries AD. The discovery of two copperplates, one at Ashrafpur, 30 miles north-east of Dhaka and another at Deulbari, 14 miles south of Comilla, gives valuable information about this royal dynasty. These copperplates mention the names of three kings, Khadgodyama, Jatakhadga and Devakhadga, and include the names of the queen and the son of Devakhadga, Prabhavati and Rajaraja or Rajarajabhata. I-tsing's account notes that as many as fifty-six Buddhist priests from China visited India and its neighbouring areas in the latter half of the 7th century AD. One of these monks, Sheng-chi, who visited Samatata, mentions Rajabhata as its king and describes him as an ardent worshipper of the three gems (Triratna), that is, the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha. There were 30 monasteries with more that 4,000 monks in Samatata alone during the pilgrim's visit. It is clear from all these that during the reign of the Khadga kings, Buddhism continued to flourish in Bengal during the 7th century AD.
[edit] Pala Dynasty
The Pala Dynasty ruled Bengal from 8th to 12th century, and this period is regarded as the golden age of Buddhism in Bengal. The Pala rulers were devout Buddhists (Parama-saugata), and were also equally sympathetic to other religious faiths. Palas invoked the Buddha at the beginning of their official records and proceedings. Under the royal patronage of the Pala kings, Buddhism and all institutions associated with Buddhism continuously flourished and thrived in Bengal for four centuries under the patronage of the Pala kings. During the same period, Buddhism was almost wiped out in other parts of the Indian subcontinent, and at the same time, it also became a dominant force in neighbouring regions, extending its influence to Tibet in the north and the Malaya peninsula in the south.
Archaeological and epigraphic discoveries indicate the generous support of the Pala rulers towards Buddhism, and instances of the Palas' patronage of Buddhism are numerous. According to Tibetan Buddhist tradition, King Gopala (750-770) built a monastery at Nalanda and established many schools for dissemination of Buddhist principles. According to Taranatha, many distinguished Buddhist teachers flourished during the reign of King Gopala, prominent among them were Danashila, Vishesamitra, Sura and Praj�avarman. The Odantapuri Vihara was an example of rare architectural beauty. The famous Sam-ye monastery of Tibet is believed to have been built on the model of this great Vihara.
King Dharmapala (770-781) continued the religious policy of his father, and he also extended liberal support to Buddhist establishments. He founded the famous Vikramshila Vihara on a hill top on the bank of the Ganges river in Magadha. This Vihara soon rose to prominence as an international centre of learning and emerged as a university, second only to Nalanda. Vikramshila University maintained contact with Tibet and several Tibetan scholars participated in the affairs of the university throughout the rule of the Pala dynasty. Several of Vikramashila scholars, who once numbered 3000 in the 12th century, composed numerous books in Sanskrit, and also translated them into Tibetan. The curricula of the university included logic, metaphysics, grammar, tantras, and rituals. Importantly, the reigning monarch of the land awarded degrees to the students.
A monastery, built by King Dharmapala at Somapura Rajshahi district, and now better known as the Somapura Mahavihara (Naogaon) and which became a model for many such monasteries in South-east Asia, stands as a magnificent testament to the Pala patronage of Buddhism. King Dharmapala is also said to have established at least fifty religious schools designed to teach Buddhist philosophy, and to study Prajnaparamita in particular. He was a great patron of the Buddhist writer, Haribhadra, and, during his reign, as in his father's, many distinguished Buddhist teachers, such as Purnavardhana, Prabhakara, Kalyanagupta, Sagaramegha, Bhuddhaj�apada, flourished.
Under King Devapala (810-850), the Pala empire reached the zenith of its glory, and Bengal became a paramount power. King Devapala is said to have granted an endowment of five villages for the upkeep of a monastery founded by King Balaputradeva of Java, Sumatra and Malaya. Not only did he complete the Somapura establishment, he also showed keen interest in the well-being of the Vikramshila Vihara. Mahipala I, the ninth king of the Pala dynasty and rightly called the founder of the second Pala empire, is responsible for the revival of the past glory of the Buddhist establishments. He repaired the Buddhist monuments at Nalanda and constructed two new temples at Bodh Gaya. Many famous monasteries were built during the Pala period of which mention may be made of Jagaddala, Traikutaka, Pandita, Devikota, Pattikeraka, Sannagara, Phullahari and Vikramapuri.
[edit] Chandra Dynasty
Buddhism flourished during the reign of the Chandra dynasty in Harikela (eastern and southern parts of Bengal). The discovery of a large Buddha stupa, Salbana Vihara and other inscriptions at the Mainamati hills, four miles to the west of Comilla, still bears testimony to the condition of Buddhism during the Chandra kings. According to Tibetan sources, Buddhist tantricism flourished under the Chandra rule. The famous Buddhist scholar of Vikramapura, Atisha Dipankara Srijnana, is believed to be related to the Chandra dynasty.
The Pala Kingdom was not only the last stronghold of dying Buddhism in India, it was also responsible for the rise of Tantric Buddhism. This new phase of Mahayana Buddhism has been variously designated by Charles Eliot and others as 'late', 'degenerate', and 'corrupt'. Such allegations are based on the assumption that when Buddhism entered Bengal, it gradually came under the powerful influence of tantric beliefs and practices, including what are known as sexo-yogic practices, which made it fall away from the purity of its early form and eventually develop into what came to be known as esoteric or magical Buddhism.
Professor Trevor Ling opines that in Bengal from the time of Asoka to the Pala period, both the Hinayana and Mahayana, not the tantric, forms of Buddhism were practised. He describes the classical pattern of Buddhism as a three-cornered relationship between Sanga, king and people and emphasizes that the Buddhism of the Pala period was a true representative example of this classical pattern. Trevor Ling and many others believe that the Pala rule in Bengal heralded an era of progress in culture, religion, education, literature, art and sculpture. Amongst other achievements of the Palas, Ling has particularly mentioned their active patronage of Bangla language and literature. It was in a popular new language, a proto-Bangla form, that the Buddhist poets composed what are known to be the first poems of Bangla literature, the famous charyapada, a Tantric work of twenty-three Buddhist Tantrikists known as Siddhas.
[edit] Decline and revival
The Sena Dynasty gained prominence after the decline of the Palas. The Senas were orthodox followers of Saivaism or Vaisnavism. Under them, the royal support for Buddhism ended. As a consequence, Buddhism soon began to decline and disintegrate. The biggest factor of course was the advent of Islam through the subsequent defeat of the Sena dynasty at the hands of the Turkish invader Bakhtiyar Khalji, whose fources vandalized and destroyed several Buddhist universities, including Nalanda and Vikramshila. After that, many of the surviving Buddhist monks fled to Nepal, Tibet or Bhutan. The Buddhist laity were either converted to Islam or were integrated into the fold of Hinduism. Buddhism, as a separate entity, was almost extinct, surviving in many debased forms of popular practices such as dharma thakur puja or the puja of Jagannath.
The decline of Buddhism, however, did not result in its total disappearance from the land of its birth, and it continued to survive in various forms of popular worship, rites and rituals until its resurgence in modern India. With its rediscovery in its parent country, the traditions of Buddhism were significantly recognized so that the Asokan pillar, the sacred Wheel of Law (Dharmachakra) and the Singhanada sculpture from Saranatha are now a part of Indian national life and heritage. The renewal of Buddhism in India today is attributed to Dr BR Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian Constitution, who led the mass conversion of millions of untouchables or 'Scheduled Castes' to Buddhism in 1956. In Bengal, however, the revival of Buddhism seems to have taken place centuries before Dr BR Ambedkar's introduction of the neo-Buddhist movement in Maharastra and other places. In the districts of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the south-eastern parts of Bangladesh, a Buddhist minority had been practising Theravada long before the Moghuls and the British arrived in Bengal. In course of time, these Buddhists reformed their Sangha and in 1887 founded the Chittagong Buddhist Association, believed to be the first Buddhist society to be formed in the South Asian sub-continent.
[edit] Buddhism in practice
There are several monasteries in the Chittagong Hills area, and in most Buddhist villages there is a school (kyong) where boys live and learn to read Burmese and some Pali (an ancient Buddhist scriptural language). It is common for men who have finished their schooling to return at regular intervals for periods of residence in the school. The local Buddhist shrine is often an important center of village life.
Essentially tolerant, Buddhism outside the monastic retreats has absorbed and adapted indigenous popular creeds and cults of the regions to which it has spread. In most areas religious ritual focuses on the image of the Buddha, and the major festivals observed by Buddhists in Bangladesh commemorate the important events of his life. Although doctrinal Buddhism rejects the worship of gods and preserves the memory of the Buddha as an enlightened man, popular Buddhism contains a pantheon of gods and lesser deities headed by the Buddha.
The Ministry of Religious Affairs provides assistance for the maintenance of Buddhist places of worship and relics. The ancient monasteries at Paharpur (in Rajshahi Region) and Mainamati (in Comilla Region), dating from the seventh to ninth century A.D., are considered unique for their size and setting and are maintained as state-protected monuments.
[edit] Prominent Bangladeshi Buddhists
[edit] Bhikkhus (Monks)
[edit] Scholars
[edit] Military
Major Equivalent & Above
[edit] Administration
Deputy Secretary & Above
[edit] Politics
[edit] Arts & Literature
[edit] References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.
[edit] See also
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Enough with the secrecy
The Kochi franchise ruckus may finally force the BCCI into being transparent. About time too
April 14, 2010
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Related Links News : BCCI raps Modi over Kochi revelations on Twitter News : Concerns over revelation of Kochi ownership details Players/Officials: Shashank Manohar | Lalit Modi Series/Tournaments: Indian Premier League | ||
Finally, it has happened - perhaps by accident than by design, but happened nonetheless. The world's fastest-growing sports league, recently valued at $4.1 billion, has revealed the shareholding pattern of one of its two new franchises. Lalit Modi has done the right thing in the wrong way - on his Twitter feed instead of in front of the media - and for reasons unknown, and there are at least three other franchises whose ownership pattern we would love to know.
But it's a start.
One of the main issues with the IPL has always been its transparency; not its threat to the rest of cricket, not its arrogance, nor even the obscene and slightly unreal regularity with which it announced multi-million-dollar deals, but its penchant for grey areas. So far the rest of the cricket world has played ball - and those who can't join 'em beat themselves in frustration. Now, though, the time has come for a change.
In its only official reaction to the Kochi case - the charges levelled by Shashi Tharoor against Lalit Modi, the letter from BCCI president Shashank Manohar to Modi and the latter's response - the BCCI has said it will meet within 10 days and discuss all pending issues. This is not good enough - and not just because one can predict the fate of such "discussions". There is, simply put, too much at stake - the reputation of some of the most powerful men in world cricket, to begin with - and too much muck flying around.
The charges against Tharoor are best handled by the political system; they are not really germane to cricket, except where they show up the inadequacies of the BCCI's/IPL's basic auditing and safeguarding process. Far more threatening to it are the charges levelled against Modi, a man who has, almost single-handedly, created a billion-dollar industry and changed the nature of cricket, a man whose genius - there is no other word - has transformed the lives of hundreds of people directly connected with the game, and thousands, millions, at several removes.
Yet such is the gravity of Tharoor's charges that, should they stick, all of that could be in danger - all those million-dollar deals, the billion-dollar valuations, the TV ratings, the de facto primacy of Twenty20 over other forms of cricket. Everything is at risk.
What does Tharoor - no ordinary member of the public but a minister in the federal government and formerly the No. 2 at the United Nations - accuse Modi of? These are extracts from his statement issued overnight: "Attempts were made by Mr Modi and others to pressure the consortium members to abandon their bid in favour of another city in a different state…" "His extraordinary breach of all propriety in publicly raising issues relating to the composition of the consortium and myself personally is clearly an attempt to discredit the team and create reasons to disqualify it so that the franchise can be awarded elsewhere." "The unethical efforts that have been made by Mr Modi and others to thwart the Kerala franchise which had been won fair and square in a transparent bidding process are disgraceful."
What Modi is being accused of is, effectively, subverting the rules of his own game, undermining the very system he had set up. It's one thing if he was the sole player - quite another when the stakes are as high as a $333.3 million franchise. It is for this reason that the BCCI - the custodian of the IPL and all Indian cricket - needs to act fast. This is a stone cast not just at Modi but at every individual on the IPL governing council, every member of the BCCI's working committee - and, by extension, every single person who has any stake in the IPL. And, indeed, the media.
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| For too long Indian cricket has been living in an unreal world. Unreal at various levels - the entire notion of the Indian board being a trust (and so saving millions of dollars in taxes), instead of a corporate entity sitting on a billion-dollar empire, or the notion of the IPL being a "domestic league" | |||
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This is not about one deal - the implications are far more serious. That is why it is important to get the truth out in the open, and get it out fast. This cannot - more importantly, should not - be brazened out, as is the BCCI's standard operating procedure in the face of any threat. This time the threat comes not from a clearly identified foreign board; it is from much closer home.
There are far too many questions surrounding the auction of the two franchises. Why was the auction deferred on the day it was supposed to have been held? The explanation for the deferment given at the time was that the financial clauses were too stringent. Was that not an issue in the days and weeks before that? The new bids were opened on March 21; the agreement with the Kochi consortium was signed on the night of April 10 - 20 days later. Why the delay? Correspondence between Shashank Manohar and Modi suggests the issue of ownership had been discussed - and questions raised - long before the shareholding pattern was revealed on Sunday afternoon. If there were doubts over the credibility of the successful bidders, could that not have been sorted out before the bids were opened? Could due diligence on the bidders not have been done? I am no legal or financial wiz, but it does strike me as common sense to do a basic fact-check before allowing someone to sit at your table and share in a very lucrative pie.
For too long Indian cricket has been living in an unreal world. Unreal at various levels - the entire notion of the Indian board being a trust (and so saving millions of dollars in taxes), instead of a corporate entity sitting on a billion-dollar empire, or the notion of the IPL being a "domestic league". It is time to get real, to play the part of one of the world's leading sports tournaments, among the most innovative and certainly among the richest. Forget the money, there are too many livelihoods riding on the IPL.
What should the BCCI do now? That's the tricky question. The Indian board doesn't have the credibility to ensure a thorough investigation of the Kochi case from within - that job could, given the money involved, be handed over to criminal investigators, as the opposition party, the BJP has suggested - but it could set the ball rolling by ensuring the nine other franchises declare their ownership structure. And making public its own accounts.
The regime of Manohar and Srinivasan, which has ruled over the Indian board for the past two years, has been likened to the Kremlin for the secrecy with which it operates. Well, now is the time for some perestroika and some glasnost.
Jayaditya Gupta is executive editor of Cricinfo in India
Feeds: Jayaditya Guptahttp://www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/456000.html
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