One World One Dream

One World One Dream


Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams: Chapter 41

Palash Biswas

http://troubledgalaxydetroyeddreams.blogspot.com/

History of China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The recorded history of China began in the 15th century BC when the Shang Dynasty started to use markings that evolved into the present Chinese characters. Turtle shells with markings reminiscent of ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as early as 1500 BC.[1] Chinese civilization originated with city-states in the Yellow River (Huang He) valley. 221 BC is commonly accepted to be the year in which China became unified under a large kingdom or empire. In that year, Qin Shi Huang first united China. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to control increasingly larger territory that reached maximum under the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty and Manchurian Qing Dynasty.

The conventional view of Chinese history is that of a country alternating between periods of political unity and disunity and occasionally becoming dominated by foreign peoples, most of whom were assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and assimilation, merged to create the Chinese culture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China

Maoism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought (traditional Chinese: ?????; simplified Chinese: ?????; pinyin: Máo Zédong Sixiang), is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Mao Zedong (Wade-Giles Romanization: "Mao Tse-tung"), widely applied as the political and military guiding ideology in the Communist Party of China (CPC) from Mao's ascendancy to its leadership until the inception of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Chinese economic reforms in 1978. It is also applied internationally in contemporary times. Maoist organizations exist in Peru, India, and most prominently, Nepal. Its basic tenets include a revolutionary struggle of the vast majority of people termed a People's War involving peasants, and its military strategies essentially involved guerrilla war tactics focused on surrounding the cities from the countryside with a non-professional, popular armed forces.

In its post-revolutionary period, Mao Zedong Thought is defined in the CPC's Constitution as "Marxism-Leninism applied in a Chinese context", synthesized by Mao Zedong and China's first-generation leaders. It provided the CPC's first comprehensive theoretical guideline with regards to how to continue socialist revolution, the creation of a socialist society, socialist military construction, and highlights various contradictions in society to be addressed by what is termed "socialist construction". The ideology survives in name today on the Communist Party's Constitution; it is described as the guiding thought that created "new China" and a revolutionary concept against imperialism and feudalism.[1]

Maoism generally discredits the socialist framework of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev and dismisses it as Communist revisionism. Some critics claim that Maoists see Joseph Stalin as the last true socialist leader of the Soviet Union, although allowing the Maoist assessments of Stalin vary between the extremely positive and the more ambivalent.[2] whereas some political philosophers have seen in Maoism an attempt to combine Confucianism and Socialism - what one such called 'a third way between communism and capitalism' [3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism

Mao Zedong
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mao" redirects here. For other uses, see Mao (disambiguation).
This is a Chinese name; the family name is ? (Mao).
Mao Zedong



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chairman of the Communist Party of China
In office
1945 – 1976
Preceded by Zhang Wentian
Succeeded by Hua Guofeng

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1st Chairman of the People's Republic of China
In office
1954 – 1959
Preceded by None
Succeeded by Liu Shaoqi

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Born December 26, 1893(1893-12-26)
Hunan, Great Qing
Died September 9, 1976 (aged 82)
Beijing, People's Republic of China
Nationality Chinese
Political party Communist Party of China
Spouse Yang Kaihui (1920–1930)
He Zizhen (1930–1937)
Jiang Qing (1939–1976)
Religion Atheist
Mao Zedong pronunciation (help·info) (Simplified Chinese: ???; Traditional Chinese: ???; Pinyin: Máo Zédong; Wade-Giles: Mao Tse-tung); December 26, 1893–September 9, 1976 was a Chinese military and political leader who led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, and was the leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.

Regarded as one of the most important figures in modern world history,[1] and named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century,[2] Mao is still a controversial figure today, over thirty years after his death. He is generally held in high regard in China where he is often portrayed as a great revolutionary and strategist who eventually defeated Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in the Chinese Civil War, and transformed the country into a major power through his policies. However, many of Mao's socio-political programs such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution are blamed by critics from both within and outside China for causing severe damage to the culture, society, economy and foreign relations of China, as well as the deaths of 44.5 to 72 million people.[3] The majority of these deaths were result of famine, and his direct involvement remains controversial[citation needed].

Although still officially venerated in China, his influence has been largely overshadowed by the political and economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping and other leaders since his death.[4][5] Mao is also recognized as a poet and calligrapher.[6]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong


China`s official name is People`s Republic of China.

The Chinese Parliament is the People`s parliament.

The Chinese army is called People`s liberation Army.

The Newspaper is named as People`s daily.

China has successfully sent a message to the rest of the world that the Beijing Olympics happens to be an affair of the People from the word Go! And it is contrary to worldwide media speculations!

Beijing Olympics has sent the message to the Resistance Worldwide that the Corporate US Imperialism and Post Modern Galaxy Manusmriti Apartheid Hindu Zionist White world order are not the final words predestined!

I dare to pronounce my friends that this event is going to be proved an effective Act of Anti Imperialism Movement worldwide.

They declared, ` History is dead!’

Has China disassociated from its roots? It`s History? It`s legacy? It`s tradition? It`s Philosophy?
They have concluded,`Ideology is dead!’

Is it?

China is no more a Forbidden land , true!

China has signed the Nuke Deal, true!

True is the Tibetan Insurrection!

It is also true that China has opted for Open Market and it has made it`s way in globalisation ways?

Economic Times reports from BEIJING: Activists wrapped themselves in Tibetan flags on Saturday and lay down in Tiananmen Square in a protest that was angrily rejected by Chinese onlookers who followed the group and shouted ``Get out!”

It is also true!

We may not deny the objective realism of Tiananmen Square and the Massacre associated!

We know the history of cultural revolution.

They claim that China has opted for Capitalism!

Is it?

China has not departed from Socialism, Beijing Olympics has expressed it very well with perfect Ten exposure of Human Resources full of people`s Power and almost secure disciplined Nationalism! Technology is there but Human Formation s was the last word in the Opening ceremony!

Long Live Mao! Long live Maoism!

Is not the message after all?

They declared , ` Genre is dead! Culture is dead! Literature is dead’!

They could say so after the demise of USSR! Was USSR intact before disintegration! Did it represent the World communist Movement and the inherent Internationalism? Did USSR continue the burning questions of Nationality?

What was cold war, then?

Was not it a Blind Arm Race? A dogfight for dominance in the sky? What accommodated the Star wars?

Did USSR respect its Human Resources as China does? I am asserting these words and I am aware of the SEZ drive in China. i am aware of the Peasants` Insurrections in China! I am also aware of the growth of Capitalism in china. But the fact remains, China tried its best to streamline it`s indigenous production system and economy what was never done in USSR.

What about the socialist Imperialism represented by USSR to encounter USA? What has been the result? What about the role of USSR in Middle East? In Palestine? In Iran? In Iraq? And finally in Afghanistan?

What has been the role of USSR in East Europe? In South Asia?
In third world countries? Was not USSR converted the nation into a War Economy as USA has done? If the War economy has disintegrated USSR, would it spare the United State of America?

I am afraid that the foreign ministries in Third world countries, the leaders and policy makers and our most revered Post Modern Intelligentsia have not cared enough to address these Unpleasnt questions and linked Socialism to the failure of USSR! They never dared to link the demise of USSR to the fall of Nazis, decay of British empire and future of USA!

China has never tried to emerge as a Super Power! It never aspired to have alliance with Zionist White imperialism and the Global ruling Class. It is opposed to apartheid!China is not sick with inherent inequality and injustice as we Indian are! Rather China has the spices of India Origin Buddhism with Confucius! We have lost our legacy and history as well as our traditional geopolitics!

China strives for Job opportunities in Mother language and we rape our Mother languages!

China has not bartered away its Natural resources! While we have sold our natural resources and MNCs rule India! We have poisoned our water resources! We have deforested our Himalayas! We have crushed nationalities and Identities! We have launched Indiscriminate industrialisation and urbanisation drive to annihilate indigenous communities!

We have adopted the Russian Model of development and discarded it opting for Neo Liberalism tagged with US Corporate imperialism and virtually have converted the nation as a US Colony. We have now strategic relations with United states of America. But we never tried to study or understand the Chinese Phenomenon! We have neglected the Mighty neighbour and enjoyed either Soviet or US favour to flood the Swiss Bank accounts with Arms Deal anti national!



The India-China Relationship:
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
s India and China work to improve their relationship, a .... India-China relations. China’s long history of collaboration with ...
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Sino-Indian relations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Possibly indicative of the further relaxation of India-China relations, .... Varadarajan, S. India, China and the Asian Axis of Oil, January 2006 ...
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PINR - India's Interests at Stake in Relationship with China
30 Jul 2007 ... ''India's Interests at Stake in Relationship with China''. s India embarks on redefining its foreign policy priorities to match its growing ...
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India-China Relations: A Military Perspective - V R Raghavan
India was tireless in its support to China’s cause in the international arena .... the military perspective which so dominated the India-China relations in ...
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The Hindu : Opinion / Leader Page Articles : Asia’s strategic ...
He has speculated in his book (Toward a Beautiful Country, 2007) that in another decade Japan’s relations with India could surpass those with China and the ...
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An Asian Triangle: India’s Relationship with China and Japan
4 Apr 2008 ... While most view China as the rising power in Asia the future of the region will also be determined by India.
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The Tribune: 125 Years; India: The Tasks Ahead
The nature and scope of the relations of China, Japan, Russia and the US with India’s neighbours, especially China’s relations with Pakistan, Bangladesh, ...
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U.S-India Security Relations: Implications for China - Zhang Guihong
What are the changes in US-India relationship? Why are these changes occurring? What are the implications of these changes for China’s security, ...
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China’s Yin, India’s Yang - Council on Foreign Relations
28 Jan 2008 ... China and India are commonly portrayed as economic rivals. In fact, experts say, they have much to gain from each other.
www.cfr.org/publication/15312/chinas_yin_indias_yang.html - 31k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this

World Affairs: India-China Relations: Problems and Prospects
China’s relations with India are not only essential for the two countries, but also important for the security of South Asia. China considers its relations ...
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News results for India`s Relations with China

“India should relax visa requirements for Chinese” - 6 Aug 2008

... relations, trade and joint ventures,” said Peng Gang, the economic and commercial counsellor of the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in India, ...

Hindu - 2 related articles »



AFP Reports fromLONDON:
The press was united Saturday in declaring the spectacular Beijing Olympics opening ceremony the best ever and a stunning display of China's new-found confidence.

Yet most front pages reflected that as the Olympics opened to scenes of fireworks and brilliantly choreographed dancers in the Chinese capital, conflict broke out in Georgia's breakaway South Ossetia region.

"08.08.08 -- day of war and peace" was the front page headline of The Guardian.

"The ceremony that opened the 29th Olympic Games last night outdid all of its predecessors in numbers, colour, noise and expense, demonstrating to the world that the new China intends to make its presence felt," said the accompanying article.

The Daily Telegraph headlined its front page: "Beijing wows the world... Moscow sends in the tanks".

A second headline, "China marches on to world stage", topped a photograph of hundreds of Chinese dancers wearing feather headdresses to represent the age of Confucius at the opening ceremony.

The paper said China had flexed its muscles to the world leaders in the stadium and to a television audience of billions.

It wrote: "One Olympic ideal -- the separation of sport and politics -- died in the Chinese night.

"This was the choreographed demonstration of might the like of which the Olympics has never seen; a rebuke to George W. Bush and Nicolas Sarkozy, vocal critics of Chinese foreign and domestic policy sitting in the audience."

The tabloid Daily Mail's front page also contrasted the fireworks in Beijing with a photograph of a blazing Georgian tank, but splashed colour photographs of the opening ceremony over six inside pages.

The paper said: "The age of Chinese power dawned in a spellbinding and futuristic curtain-lifter which featured 15,000 different types of costume and 14,000 performers, 9,000 of them on loan from the People's Liberation Army.

It continued: "To say these Games would be a landmark in world politics was no idle claim. Last night proved it."

Hollywood, the paper added, "will study the DVD for years to come and plunder Beijing's visual tricks".

Olympic medal count
Gold Silver Bronze Total
1. China 2 0 0 2
2. United States 1 1 1 3
3. South Korea 1 1 0 2

results.beijing2008.cn

The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- 8 Aug Official site. Contains fact sheets, athlete profiles, cultural information, and news.
en.beijing2008.cn/ - 31k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this
Venues
Ticket Info
Olympic Spirit
Fun Page News
Torch Relay
Volunteers
Media Operations
More results from beijing2008.cn »


Swimming - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
Olympic swimming has come a long way, to temperature-controlled 50-metre pools, wave-killing gutters, ... Beijing Olympic Logo Beijing Paralympic Logo ...
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2008 Summer Olympics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[2] The 2008 Beijing Olympics will also mark the third time that Olympic .... The centrepiece of the 2008 Summer Olympics will be the Beijing National ...
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International Olympic Committee - Beijing 2008
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INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE
Play the official online mini game of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games and embrace the competitive spirit of the world's most prestigious sporting event. ...
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Beijing Olympic Games 2008
Private Weblog about the preparations for the Olympic Games 2008 in China.
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Official Team GB Website for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
olympics.org.uk offers the latest Olympics Beijing 2008 news, video, podcasts, olympic messageboard, athlete diaries, athlete profiles.
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Beijing 2008
Dancing Beijing and Chinese Calligraphy The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games emblem "Chinese Seal, Dancing Beijing" is a milestone of the Olympics. ...
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Beijing 2008 Olympics︱News, results, photos, video, features ...
- 8 Aug News of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games from China’s Official English Website.
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UN helps launch Beijing Olympics campaign about HIV/AIDS
UN helps launch Beijing Olympics campaign about HIV/AIDS. 1 August 2008 – Information about AIDS, condoms and anti-discrimination messages are being ...
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Blog posts about Beijing Olympics

#080808 Twitter Campaign For Beijing Olympics - Read/WriteWeb News - 7 Aug 2008
The Olympics countdown: Beijing to Shanghai, Kerry Brown - open Democracy News Analysis - - 6 Aug 2008
Travel Health Tips for the Beijing Olympics - USA.gov Updates: News and Features - 6 Aug 2008



Citizen The Road To Beijing
CBS News, NY - 3 hours ago
If anyone is more concerned than the Chinese Communists that the Beijing Olympics come off without disturbance, it is Western businessmen, who have invested ...
Facts: Games of the XXIX Summer Olympiad Seattle Post Intelligencer
China declares it is ready to stage greatest Games New Straits Times
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CBC.ca Manipur association to boycott National Games
Hindu, India - 6 hours ago
"In case Monika was not sent to the Beijing Olympics, no sportsperson from Manipur would take part in any national championship or National Games", ...
Indian lifter fails dope test, withdrawn from Olympics Sify
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Calgary Herald Beijing Games declared open
Irish Times, Ireland - 17 hours ago
Beijing 2008 : The Beijing Olympics were officially declared open today at a glittering ceremony in the showcase Bird's Nest stadium at which China ...
GE pushes Beijing Olympics sponsorship Marketing Week
Gymnast lights Games torch in highwire stunt Reuters
World hails sheer perfection as Beijing puts on the Ritz Shanghai Daily
The Olympian - New York Times
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National Post China selected as permanent host of Beijing Olympics
Oregon Commentator, OR - 11 hours ago
The International Olympic Committee, after long discussion, has decided to designate China as the permanent host for all Beijing Olympics to come. ...
Craving victory at any cost Irish Times
Games put China under the spotlight Los Angeles Times
Israel brings largest contingent to Beijing Canadian Jewish News
Profy - Hindu
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Pingpong diplomacy set China on road to Olympics
Economic Times, India - 8 Aug 2008
The Beijing Olympics can trace its origins to the ``pingpong diplomacy'' of 1971 when China signaled its desire to rejoin the international community by ...

Financial Post China Heightens Security as Olympics Kick Off
ToTheCenter.com, NY - 10 hours ago
With the 2008 Beijing Olympics underway, the Republic of China has a little more to worry about than just winning medals. According to Voice of America, ...
Hong Kong delegation aims for breakthrough in table tennis at ... Xinhua
Olympic Photograph exhibition launch shows the world China is ready Macau Daily Times
Harvard scholar detained in Hong Kong Boston Globe
Reuters - Southland Times
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Washington Post 'Mr Rogge . . . come just once to Beijing No 2 Prison to see what ...
Irish Times, Ireland - 7 Aug 2008
"Today marks the 100th day before the Beijing Olympic Games, and I am writing this letter in the hope that I might use the Olympics as a 'catalyst' to ...
Ticket touts face harsh penalties in Beijing WCBS-TV New York
Bush chides China on rights Buenos Aires Herald (subscription)
• Beijing a Bush family homecoming WNWO
Economic Times - guardian.co.uk
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Telegraph.co.uk James DeGale gives boost to Britain's boxing team – Beijing ...
Telegraph.co.uk, United Kingdom - 8 hours ago
"This is the Olympic Games, man, the greatest show on earth so I did feel the pressure about the being the first Brit to get out there. ...

Telegraph.co.uk Beijing 2008 - Fallon falls short in judo medal bid
Yahoo! Eurosport, UK - 2 hours ago
Team GB judo player Craig Fallon just missed out on a battle for bronze on the opening day of the Beijing Olympics. The 25-year-old was beating Israel's Gal ...
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2008 Beijing Olympics TV Schedule for Sunday, August 10
TransWorldNews (press release), GA - 8 Aug 2008
The 2008 Summer Olympics began Friday in Beijing , China as the world's best athletes compete for a gold medal. The TV schedule for the Olympics activities ...
Pianist's Olympic glory didn't come cheap Winnipeg Free Press
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Calgary Herald Beijing Olympics Open But Air Does Not Clear
Environment News Service - 17 hours ago
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Wall Street Journal Blogs, NY - 5 hours ago
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AFP For Iraq, just getting to Beijing is enough
guardian.co.uk, UK - 1 hour ago
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Telegraph.co.uk Athlete tackles buzz about medal count one meet at a time
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BBC News Olympics-Sponsors step up pace to get Olympic mileage
Reuters - 21 hours ago
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National Post Our view: Maryland athletes promise Beijing Olympic thrills
Baltimore Sun, United States - 8 Aug 2008
She won five races in the Olympic trials, will compete in six races in Beijing and is expected to win at least three gold medals. ...
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ITV.com Ice baths may be secret of success at Beijing Olympics
Thaindian.com, Thailand - 3 hours ago
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UCLA lab's due-date error foiled timely notice of Hardy dope test
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People's Republic of China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Chinese civilization, see China.
"PRC" redirects here. For other uses, see PRC (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan.
The People's Republic of China (simplified Chinese: ???????; traditional Chinese: ???????; pinyin: Zhonghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó listen (help·info)), commonly known as China, is the largest country in East Asia with Beijing as its capital city. It is a single-party socialist republic comprising of twenty-two provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions.
The country is vast, stretching for 5,000 km across the East Asian landmass, and has a diverse landscape. In the north, near China's borders with Mongolia and Russia's Siberia, the Gobi Desert and forest steppes dominate the dry expanse while lush subtropical forests grow along its southern borders with Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. The terrain in the west is rugged and high altitude with the Himalayas and the Tian Shan mountain ranges forming China's natural borders with India and Central Asia. In contrast, China's eastern seaboard is low-lying and has a 14,500-km long coastline bounded on the southeast by the South China Sea and on the east by the East China Sea beyond which lies Korea and Japan. At 9.6 million km2 and with more than 1.3 billion people (a fifth of humanity), the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the third or fourth largest country by area and the most populous in the world.[4]

The fertile region along the Yellow River that flows through the North China Plain is home to the ancient Chinese civilization - one of the world's earliest. For the past 4000 years, China was ruled by hereditary monarchs or dynasties beginning with the Xia until the Qing that finally ended in 1911. The first half of the 20th century saw China plunged into a period of disunity and civil wars that divided the country into two main political camps - the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). The war ended in 1949 with the establishment of the People's Republic in mainland China by the victorious Communists while the retreating Nationalists set up the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. As of 2008, the PRC is still involved in a dispute with the ROC over issues of sovereignty and the political status of Taiwan.

The PRC is a major power[5][6] holding a permanent seat on the UN Security Council and memberships in APEC, East Asia Summit, and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. China is a nuclear state as well as having the world's largest standing army and fourth largest defense budget. It is a fast-growing economic power[7][8][9][10] having the world's fourth largest GDP in nominal terms or second largest in purchasing power and consuming as much as a third of the world's steel and over a half of its concrete.[11] China is also the world's second largest exporter[12] and the third largest importer.[13] Since the introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1978, poverty rate in China has gone down from 53% to 8% by 2001.[14] However, China is now faced with a number of other economic problems including a rapidly ageing population, a widening rural-urban income gap, and rapid environmental degradation.[15

Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China

Hu Jintao with US President George W. Bush.The People's Republic of China maintains diplomatic relations with most major countries in the world. Sweden was the first western country to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic on the ninth of May 1950.[29] In 1971, the PRC replaced the Republic of China as the sole representative of China in the United Nations and as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[30] It is considered a founding member of the UN, though the PRC was not in control of China at the time. The PRC was also a former member and leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Under its interpretation of the One-China policy, the PRC has made it a precondition to establishing diplomatic relations that the other country acknowledges its claim to Taiwan and severs official ties with the Republic of China (ROC) government. The government opposes publicized foreign travels by former and present Taiwanese officials promoting Taiwan's independence, such as Lee Teng-hui and Chen Shui-bian, and other politically controversial figures, such as Tenzin Gyatso, the Dalai Lama of Tibetan Buddhism, in an official context.
China has been playing an increasing role in calling for free trade areas and security pacts amongst its Asia-Pacific neighbors. In 2004, China proposed an entirely new East Asia Summit (EAS) framework as a forum for regional security issues that pointedly excluded the United States.[31] The EAS, which includes ASEAN Plus Three, India, Australia and New Zealand, held its inaugural summit in 2005. China is also a founding member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), with Russia and the Central Asian republics.
Much of the current foreign policy is based on the concept of China's peaceful rise. Conflicts with foreign countries have occurred at times in its recent history, particularly with the United States; e.g., the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade during the Kosovo conflict in May 1999 and the U.S.-China spy plane incident in April 2001. Its foreign relations with many Western nations suffered for a time following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, though they have since recovered. The relationship between China and Japan has been strained at times by Japan's refusal to acknowledge its war-time past to the satisfaction of the PRC, e.g. revisionist comments made by prominent Japanese officials and in some Japanese history textbooks. Another point of conflict between the two countries is the frequent visits by Japanese government officials to the Yasukuni Shrine. However, Sino-Japanese relations have warmed considerably since Shinzo Abe became the new Japanese Prime Minister in September 2006. A joint historical study to be completed by 2008 of WWII atrocities is being conducted by China and Japan.
Equally bordering the most countries in the world alongside Russia, the PRC was in a number of international territorial disputes. China's territorial disputes have led to localized wars in the last 50 years, including the Sino-Indian War in 1962, the Sino-Soviet border conflict in 1969 and the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979. In 2001, the PRC and Russia signed the Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship,[32] which paved the way in 2004 for Russia to transfer Yinlong Island as well as one-half of Heixiazi to China, ending a long-standing Sino-Russian border dispute. Other territorial disputes include islands in the East and South China Seas, and undefined or disputed borders with India, Tajikistan and North Korea.
While accompanying a rapid economic rise, the PRC since the 1990s seeks to maintain a policy of quiet diplomacy with its neighbors. Steadying its economic growth and participating in regional organizations and cultivating bi-lateral relations will ease suspicion over China's burgeoning military capabilities. The PRC has started a policy of wooing African nations for trade and bilateral co-operations.[33]

Population policy
Main article: One-child policy

Population of China from 1961-2003With a population of over 1.3 billion, the PRC is very concerned about its population growth and has attempted, with mixed results,[34] to implement a strict family planning policy. The government's goal is one child per family, with exceptions for ethnic minorities and flexibility in rural areas, where a family can have a second child if the first is a girl or physically disabled. The government's goal is to stabilize population growth early in the twenty-first century, though some projections estimate a population of anywhere ranging from 1.4 billion to 1.6 billion by 2025. Hence the country's family planning minister has indicated that China will maintain its one-child policy until at least the year 2018.[35]
The policy is resisted, particularly in rural areas, because of the need for agricultural labor and a traditional preference for boys. Families who breach the policy often lie during the census.[36] Official government policy opposes forced sterilization or abortion, but allegations of coercion continue as local officials, who are faced with penalties for failing to curb population growth, may resort to forced abortion or sterilization, or manipulation of census figures.
The decreasing reliability of PRC population statistics since family planning began in the late 1970s has made evaluating the effectiveness of the policy difficult.[37] Estimates by Chinese demographers of the average number of children for a Chinese woman vary from 1.5 to 2.0. The government is particularly concerned with the large imbalance in the sex ratio at birth, apparently the result of a combination of traditional preference for boys, and family planning pressure, which led to the ban of using ultrasound devices for the purpose of preventing sex-selective abortion.

Human rights
Main article: Human rights in the People's Republic of China

The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on 5 June 1989 by photographer Jeff Widener, depicts a protester faced by a column of tanks during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.While economic and social controls have been greatly relaxed in China since the 1960s, political freedom is still tightly controlled by both central and local governments. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China states that the "fundamental rights" of citizens include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the right to a fair trial, freedom of religion, universal suffrage, and property rights. However, these provisions do not afford significant protection against criminal prosecution by the State.
Censorship of political speech and information is openly and routinely used to silence criticism of government and the ruling Chinese Communist Party.[38] In particular, press control is notoriously tight: the controversial organization Reporters Without Borders considers the PRC one of the least free countries in the world for the press.[39] The government has a policy of limiting some protests and organizations that it considers a threat to social stability and national unity, as was the case with the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The Communist Party has had mixed success at controlling information: a very strong media control system faces very strong market forces, an increasingly educated citizenry and cultural change that are making China more open. In some cases, especially on environmental issues,[40][41] China's leaders see expressions of public dissatisfaction as a catalyst for positive change.
A number of foreign governments and NGOs routinely criticize the PRC, alleging widespread human rights violations including systematic use of lengthy detention without trial, forced confessions, torture, mistreatment of prisoners, restrictions of freedom of speech, assembly, association, religion, the press, and labor rights.[38] China leads the world in capital punishment, accounting for roughly 90% of total executions in 2004.[42] Human rights issues are one of the factors driving independence movements in Tibet and Xinjiang. In the Reporters Without Borders' Annual World Press Freedom Index of 2005,[39] the PRC ranked 159 out of 167 places. PRC journalist He Qinglian in her 2004 book Media Control in China[43] documents government controls on the Internet and other media in China.
The PRC government has responded by arguing that the notion of human rights should take into account a country's present level of economic development, and focus more on the people's rights to subsistence and development in poorer countries.[44] The rise in the standard of living, literacy and life expectancy for the average Chinese in the last three decades is seen by the government as tangible progress made in human rights.[45] Efforts in the past decade to combat deadly natural disasters, such as the perennial Yangtze River floods, and work-related accidents are also portrayed in China as progress in human rights for a still largely poor country.[44]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_China

Republic of China
Main article: History of the Republic of China
Frustrated by the Qing court's resistance to reform and by China's weakness, young officials, military officers, and students—inspired by the revolutionary ideas of Sun Yat-sen (???,???)—began to advocate the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and creation of a republic.
Slavery in China was abolished in 1910,[24] although the practice apparently still continues unofficially in some regions.[25][26]
A revolutionary military uprising, the Wuchang Uprising, began on October 10, 1911 in Wuhan (??,??). The provisional government of the Republic of China (????,????) was formed in Nanjing on March 12, 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as President, but Sun was forced to turn power over to Yuan Shikai (???), who commanded the New Army and was Prime Minister under the Qing government, as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate (a decision he would later regret). Yuan Shikai proceeded in the next few years to abolish the national and provincial assemblies and declared himself emperor in 1915. Yuan's imperial ambitions were fiercely opposed by his subordinates, and faced with the prospect of rebellion, Yuan abdicated and died shortly afterwards in 1916, leaving a power vacuum in China. His death left the republican government all but shattered, ushering the warlord era when China was ruled by shifting coalitions of competing provincial military leaders.
In 1919, the May Fourth Movement (????,????) began as a response to the insult imposed on China by the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I, but quickly became a protest movement about the domestic situation in China. The discrediting of liberal Western philosophy amongst Chinese intellectuals was followed by the adoption of more radical lines of thought. This in turn planted the seeds for the irreconcilable conflict between the left and right in China that would dominate Chinese history for the rest of the century.
In the 1920s, Sun Yat-Sen established a revolutionary base in south China, and set out to unite the fragmented nation. With Soviet assistance, he entered into an alliance with the fledgling Communist Party of China (CPC, ?????,?????). After Sun's death from cancer in 1925, one of his protégés, Chiang Kai-shek (???,???), seized control of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party or KMT, ???,???) and succeeded in bringing most of south and central China under its rule in a military campaign known as the Northern Expedition (??). Having defeated the warlords in south and central China by military force, Chiang was able to secure the nominal allegiance of the warlords in the North. In 1927, Chiang turned on the CPC and relentlessly chased the CPC armies and its leaders from their bases in southern and eastern China. In 1934, driven from their mountain bases such as the Chinese Soviet Republic (????????,????????), the CPC forces embarked on the Long March (??,??) across China's most desolate terrain to the northwest, where they established a guerrilla base at Yan'an in Shanxi Province (??????).
During the Long March, the communists reorganized under a new leader, Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung, ???,???). The bitter struggle between the KMT and the CPC continued, openly or clandestinely, through the 14-year long Japanese invasion (1931-1945), even though the two parties nominally formed a united front to oppose the Japanese invaders in 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) portion of World War II. The war between the two parties resumed following the Japanese defeat in 1945. By 1949, the CPC occupied most of the country. (see Chinese Civil War)
Chiang Kai-shek fled with the remnants of his government to Taiwan in 1949 and his Nationalist Party would control the island as well as a few neighboring islands until democratic elections in the early 1990s. Since then, the political status of Taiwan has always been under dispute.




[edit] Present
Main article: History of the People's Republic of China
See also: People's Republic of China and Political status of Taiwan
With the proclamation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) (???????,???????) on October 1, 1949, Taiwan was again politically separated from mainland China. However, the actual political and legal status of Taiwan is disputed. Since the 1990s, the Republic of China government that governs Taiwan along with associated islands as well as some small islands off the coast of Fujian has been pushing to gain greater international recognition, while the People's Republic of China opposes involvement by third parties, and insists that foreign relations not deviate from the One-China policy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China